Student RDH micro+immunology part 4

Innate (natural immunity)

This type of immunity is a non-specific defence mechanism. Present at birth and does not need to learn through exposure to an invader.

Acquired (adaptive) immunity

antigen-specific immune response; formation of immunological 'memory' that makes future responses more efficient. There are 4 types: naturally active, naturally passive, artificially active, artificially passive.

Naturally active acquired immunity

Type of acquired immunity where the patient becomes infected and the body nature ally produces antibodies against the antigens. E.g., contracting the seasonal flu and becoming immune to it.

Naturally passive acquired immunity

Type of acquired immunity where the antibodies are produced by one individual and are passed on to another individual. E.g., Rh antibodies from a mother to a baby.

Artificially active acquired immunity

Type of an acquired immunity where a vaccination of an antigen in a safe form, helps the body to produce antibodies against it. E.g., mumps, measles, rubella (MMR), and flu vaccines.

Artificially passive acquiredimmunity

Type of acquired immunity that involves an injection of antibodies. E.g., Hepatitis B immunoglobulin injection after an exposure to hepatitis B.

Recommended immunizations for healthcare professionals

Recommended immunizations for healthcare professionals:

-hepatitis: requires 3 shots a 0, 1, and 6 months. 1-2 months after the series has been complete, a blood test should be performed.

-influenza

-mumps

-measles

-rubella

-varicella-zoster

Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

Inflammation is the body’s natural defence mechanism to injury. The intensity of the immune response varies from person to person and from site to site. What are the 5 classic symptoms of inflammation?

Vasoconstriction

Immediately after an injury (cut), what is the bodies initial response?

Mast cells

Vasodilation immediately follows initial vasoconstriction in the acute inflammatory process. These cells release histamine to vasodilate the blood vessels and allow for maximum number of WBCs. Each one of these cells contains secretory granules (storage sacs), each containing powerful biologically-active molecules called mediators. Release chemical “alarms”.

Chemotaxis

The movement of cells to the site of inflammation is response to chemical stimulus is called:

Hypersensitivity

Immune reaction caused by an immune response to repeated exposure to an antigen there are 4 types.

Immediate (type I) hypersensitivity

What type of hypersensitivity is this? Acute inflammation marked by local seepage of fluid from, and dilation of, the blood vessels followed by the ingress of granulocytes into the tissues. Once the immediate local rxn to the allergen has taken its course, there may be an influx of more granulocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages at the site. If the allergen is still present, a more prolonged form of this rxn will occur. It is called the so-called late-phase reaction, which lasts a day or 2 rather than mins. Usually begins w/in minutes of exposure. Reactions include: sneezing, itchy eyes, hives, burning skin sensations, etc. (E.g., asthma and anaphylaxis shock).

Antibody-mediated (type II) hypersensitivity

What type of hypersensitivity is this? Aka cytotoxic reactions. Occur when cells within the body are destroyed by antibodies, with or without activation of the entire complement system. When IgM or IgG molecules are involved, they activate the complete complement system which leads to the formation of a membrane attack complex that destroys the cell. Another mechanism involves IgG molecules, in which they coat the target cell and attract macrophages and neutrophils to destroy it.

Immune complex-mediated (type III) hypersensitivity

What type of hypersensitivity is this? Characterized by tissue damage caused by the activation of complement in response to antigen-antibody (Immune) complexes that are deposited in tissues. The classes of antibody involved are the same ones that participate in type II reactions—IgG and IgM— but the mechanism by which tissue damage is brought about is different. The antigen to which the antibody binds to is not attached to a cell. Once the antigen-antibody complexes form, they are deposited in various tissues of the body, especially the blood vessels, kidneys, lungs, skin, and joints.

Cell-mediated (type IV) hypersensitivity

What type of hypersensitivity is this? Has a delayed response. Usually, symptoms from exposure take hours to days to occur (e.g., contact dermatitis). It does not involve the participation of antibodies but is due primarily to the interaction of T cells within antigens.

Autoimmune disease

An abnormal immune response of the body against substances and tissues that are normally present in the body.

Scar

Blood forms a clot at injury site (clot consists of mesh work of fibrin, clumped RBCs, and platelets). acute inflammation takes place. Neutrophils rush to start phagocytosis of foreign substances. Monocytes migrate from the microcirculation into the injured areas as macrophages. Granulation tissue and mesh work of the clot is formed. Clot is digested by tissue enzymes and comes off about a week. A ———— and new tissues are formed.

Keloid

Healing by secondary intention: edges of the injury are not joined perfectly, and granulation tissue is formed. The raised uneven boarder is called a:

Tertiary intention

Healing by ——————— intention is when infection occurs at the site of surgical healing.

C) IgM — because it activated the complement system. IgG is the most predominant immunoglobulin but it is not the first produced.

In the inflammatory process, which one of the following immunoglobulins is produced first, following a bactericidal challenge to the periodontium?

A) IgG

B) IgD

C) IgM

D) IgA

IgD

This is the immunoglobulin that bonds to the surface of lymphocytes that are prominent later in the inflammatory process after the bacterial challenge has been established.

A) humoral immunity

The aspect of specific immunity that is mediated by B-lymphocytes and involves the binding of antibodies to antigens are:

A) humoral immunity

B) cellular-mediated immunity

C) herd immunity

D) active immunity

Humoral immunity

What kind of immunity? This immunity is produced by the B-cell lymphocytes; B-cells produce antibodies humors upon direction from the T-cells. Paramount to ——————— immunity is binding of antibodies to antigens.

Hepatitis B and C

What two viruses of the hepatitis family are blood borne?

Exotoxins

Harmful proteins that are released from the bacteria cell and are able to attach the host cells at a distance are called?

A) bacterial enzymes

B) endotoxins

C) LPS lipopolysaccharides

D) exotoxins

Neutrophil

Throughout EARLY phases of inflammation, the most common WBC transported to the area of inflammation is:

D) leukocytes and plasma proteins

In a classic inflammatory response, the body's defensive cells that migrate from capillaries into the tissues at the site of infection are termed:

A) prostaglandins E PGE and matrix metalloproteinases MMP

B) edema and phagocytes

C) collagen and phagocytes

D) leukocytes and plasma proteins

Pili

Tubules that are shorter in length than flagella, longer than fimbriae, and used to transfer DNA from one cell to another are called:

Basophils

Which cells are often associated with the histamine release that leads to symptoms such as itching and swelling in response to an allergic reaction?

Glycoprotein

During plaque formation, the dental pellicle on the tooth surface is the initial phase of plaque development. The pellicle is a(n) ????, which is derived from components of saliva and crevicular fluid.

cytotoxic T cells or "killer T cells"

Which cell plays a primary role in attaching and killing cancer cells?

A) cytotoxic T cell

B) mast cells

C) platelet

D) red blood cell

Diapedesis

White blood cells squeezing between endothelial cells lining the blood vessel to reach the site of an infection.

Ribosomes

What organelle is directly involved in protein synthesis?

IgE

What immunoglobulin would be involved in an allergic reaction?

IgG

Which type of immunoglobulin creates passive immunity?

D) mast cells

Which immune cells are responsible for the quickest release of histamine that causes the red, itchy welts associated with allergies?

A) basophils

B) eosinophils

C) lymphocytes

D) mast cells

70%-90%

What is generally the percentage of inorganic material present in dental calculus?

A) 20-30%

B) 30-50%

C) 50-65%

D) 70-90%

C) no changes have occurred

Your patient has admitted to not brushing in 2-4 days. What is observed clinically of the initial lesion of gingivitis?

A) an increase in crevicular fluid is clinically evident.

B) increase in bleeding upon probing

C) no changes have occurred

D) severe marginal inflammation is present

Humoral immunity

A combination of an antigen and antibody is which type of immunity?

Plasma cells

These cells are responsible for the creation of immunoglobulins (antibodies)

Neutrophils have single, round nucleus - neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus, typically consisting of 2-5 lobes connected by thin chromatin strands

Which statement is NOT true concerning neutrophils?

A) neutrophils are derived from stem cells within long, flat bones.

B) neutrophils are produced throughout life

C) neutrophils compromise 60-70% of the total white blood cell count

D) neutrophils have a single, round nucleus

C) Glycosaminoglycans

Which does NOT increase the virulence of bacteria?

A) bacterial glycocalyx

B) exotoxins

C) glycosaminoglycans

D) lipopolysaccharides