POB Shadwick UARK Exam 1

Emergent Property

a property that a complex system has but the individual members of the system do not (ex:NaCl, not salty individually, only together)

Qualities of Life

- Are organized
- Acquire materials and energy
- Reproduce
- Respond to stimuli
- Homeostatic
-Grow and develop
- Have the capacity to adapt

Law

describes a pattern in nature; the what (ex: Law of Evolution)

Theory

explanation to why a pattern exists; the why (The theory of evolution by natural selection)

Null Hypothesis

NO difference between control and experimental, experimental will have no effect

Alternative Hypothesis

expect a difference between groups

Inductive Reasoning

makes generalization based on collecting and analyzing a large number of specific observations. (This dog has 4 legs so all dogs must have 4 legs. )

Deductive reasoning

flows from general premises to predicted and specific results (All dogs have 4 legs, since this is a dog, it should have 4 legs)

Independent variable

variable that is manipulated

Dependent variable

changes in response to the independent variable

confounding variable

extra variables that interfere

blind study

When the participant and/or researcher does not know which conditions they are in/analyzing. This can reduce experimenter biases

double blind study

when both groups in a study (control group and experimental group) don't know if they are getting the drug (treatment) or a placebo

lactose

a sugar in milk

-ose

sugar

lactase

an enzyme that breaks down lactose

-ase

enzyme

lactose intolerant people do not produce enough _____ to break down sugar

lactase

Protons are ______ charged

positively

how do you find the number of protons?

atomic number

electrons are ___ charged

negatively

neutrons are ____

neutral

Isotopes

atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons

Isomers

same number of atoms in each element but have different arrangements of their atoms (lewis structure)

Ionic bonding

transfers electrons

covalent bonding

sharing electrons

nonpolar

equal sharing of electrons

polar

unequal sharing of electrons

hydrogen bonding

slightly negative oxygen attracts to slightly positive hydrogen, weak individually but strong together

properties of water

high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, can dissolve many molecules, high surface tension, cohesion, adhesion

cohesion

cling to other water molecules

adhesion

cling to other polar surfaces

Water has a __________ surface tension

high

acids

high H+ concentration
pH 1-7

bases

low H+ concentration
pH 7-14

functional groups

bonded atoms that always react in the same way, can change the function of a molecule

hydroxyl group

OH-

amino group

NH2

methyl

-CH3,

dehydration

h2o is removed, bond forms, join monomers

hydrolysis

h2o added, bond broken, degrade polymers

monomer

molecule that is able to bond in long chains

polymer

many monomers

lipids are the only who do ____ have monomers

not

The 4 macromolecules are

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Monosaccharides are

simple sugars (fructose and glucose)

Polysaccharides contain

two monosaccharides (maltose, sucrose, and lactose)

amino acids

carboxyl group, amino group, R group

function of proteins

structural support, enzymes, messenger, etc

protein primary structure

linear sequences of the amino acids

secondary protein structure

fold, alpha helix, beta sheet

tertiary protein structure

3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

quarterary protein structure

multiple polypeptide chain

shape is important to ____

function

Monomer: Nucleotide

sugar, phosphate, base

nucleic acid function

stores genetic info

what is a nucleic acid held by?

hydrogen bonding

complementary base pairs

A, T, C, G

lipids are

fats and oils for long term energy storage

steroids are

sex hormones

all lipids are

hydrophobic

fats and oils are also called

triglycerides

what are fats and oils composed of

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

oils are

unsaturated fats

fats are

saturated

trans fat have a _____ health risk

huge

phospholipids form

membranes

phospholipids are composed of

two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Hydrophilic head

polar

hydrophobic tails

nonpolar

steroids have how many rings

4 carbon rings