Population Health: Biostatistics Unit 1

This set covers the fundamental concepts of Biostatistics, including data types, levels of measurement, measures of central tendency and variability, normal distributions, and data transformations, based on the Population Health lecture notes.

Modern statistics includes applied probability, exploratory data analysis, and __________.

statistical inference

In epidemiology, the exposure or risk factor is interchangeable with the __________ variable.

independent

The type of data that has numeric values ascribed to it is known as __________ data.

Quantitative

__________ data consists of an infinite number of values on a continuum, such as height and weight.

Continuous

The __________ level of measurement is qualitative and involves categories like race or ethnicity.

nominal

The __________ level of measurement features continuous data with a true or absolute zero, such as the Kelvin temperature scale.

ratio

The __________ is a measure of central tendency representing the value that occurs most frequently in a distribution.

Mode

The __________ is a measure of variability calculated as the arithmetic mean of the highest and lowest values.

midrange

The formula for variance is given by the expression __________.

$$s^2 = \frac{\sum(x-\bar{x})^2}{n-1}$$

The __________ is a relative measure of dispersion calculated as $\frac{s}{\bar{x}} \times 100$.

Coefficient of variation (CV)

The Z score formula, which measures deviation from the mean in standard deviation units, is __________.

$$z = \frac{x - \bar{x}}{s}$$

In a normal distribution curve, approximately __________ of the data falls within $3$ standard deviations ($SD$s).

$$99.7\%$$

A distribution is considered __________ skewed when the tail is to the right and the mean is greater than the median.

positive

To stabilize variance or correct a severe positive skew in data like creatinine or viral loads, researchers use __________ transformation.

Log

__________ Transformation is best suited for count data, such as the number of hospital visits or seizure frequency.

Square Root

When reporting results from transformed data clinically, you must __________ the result, such as reporting a geometric mean.

back-transform

Rauber et al. (2020) found that the highest consumption of ultra-processed food was associated with a higher BMI of __________ compared with the lowest consumption.

$$1.66\,kg/m^2$$

In the Rauber et al. (2020) study, a $10\%$ increase in consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with __________ higher odds of being obese.

$$18\%$$

The study by Rauber et al. used the __________ system to classify food items reported in four-day food diaries.

NOVA

To examine the association between ultra-processed food and adiposity, Rauber et al. used multiple linear and __________ regressions.

logistic