Grammar - Honors Spanish II Midterm

Forming an Ud./Uds. command:

1. Yo form of present (keep in mind irregular yo and stemchanges)

2. Drop “o”

3. Add opp. Ud./Uds. ending (ar = e/en, er/ir =a/an)

Car gar zar verbs in Ud./Uds.

Retain same spell change in negative tú

Ex.: Sacar

Ud.: saque

Uds.: saquen

Irregular Ud. verbs

Ser: Sea

Ir: vaya

Dar: dé (Ud.) — den (Uds.)

Estar: esté

Saber: sepa

To form negative Ud./Uds. commands…

place no before its positive

Reflexive pronoun for UD…

Se

What order do you put multiple pronouns in?

RID

(Reflexive, Indirect OP, Direct OP)

Accents for Ud.Uds w/ pronouns..

go back around 4, or on natural stress

The pronouns le and les can NEVER

be placed next to lo, la, los, las

(So, le or les becomes se)

Preterite tense is one of

two past tense in Spanish (-ed in English)

Preterite tense expresses actions that have:

• Started and completed in the past (certain start and end time, ex.: I lived there for 8 years.)

• Specific # of times

-ar verbs in the preterite (regular)

Yo - é

Tú - aste

El/ella/Ud. - ó

Nosotros - amos

Vosotros - asteis

Ellos/ellas/Uds. - aron

-er, -ir verbs in the preterite (regular)

Yo - í

Tú - iste

El/ella/Ud. - ió

Nosotros - imos

Vosotros - isteis

Ellos/ellas/Uds. - ieron

(Opt.) Preterite key words/expressions

• Anoche

• Ayer

• Anteayer

• De repente

• Desde…hasta…

• la semana pasada

• Dos veces

-ar/er verbs that stem-change in the present

DO NOT stem-change in the preterite

(Ex.: cerró (not cierra))

In general, each tense expresses:

Preterite: happened

Imperfect: was happening/used to

Anoche

Preterite

• Can tell exactly when it happened (6pm to 11:59pm)

Ayer

Preterite

• yesterday (12am to 11:59pm)

Anteayer

Preterite

• day before yesterday

de repente

Preterite

• Suddenly

desde…hasta…

Preterite

• from ___ (ex. 2024) until ___ (ex. 2025)

el año pasado

Preterite

• last year (Jan.1 - Dec. 31)

la semana pasada

Preterite

• last week (Sun. To Sat.)

una vez

Preterite

• 1 time

dos veces

Preterite

• 2 times

ya

Preterite

• already

a menudo

Imperfect

• often

Siempre

Imperfect

• Always

Cuando era niño(a)

Imperfect

• When I was a kid

De niño(a) / pequeño(a)

Imperfect

• as a kid

de vez en cuando

Imperfect

• once in a while

mientras

Imperfect

• while

Muchas veces

Imperfect

• Many times

A veces

Imperfect

• Sometimes

Todos los días

Imperfect

• everyday (not specific enough)

Con frecuencia

imperfect

• frequently

Preterite uses

1. Started and completed past actions

2. Series of past actions

3. Verbs that express a beginning or end time (though key phrases override)

Imperfect uses

1. Continuous / repeated actions in the past

2. Description in past

3. Simultaneous actions in the past

4. Age (typically with tener)

5. Telling time (ser typically; but this not stating you did an action at a certain time)

   1. Weather (typically with hacer)

Haber: preterite/imperfect conjugations

ONE conjugation for both:

Preterite: Hubo

Imperfect: Había

Hubo is used…

to say that an event took place.

Había is used…

to describe a situation that existed in the past.

Interrupted action

Created when the preterite and the imperfect are used the same sentence

Pret. And imp. Being used in the same sentence is commonly seen..

when cuando is used and creates the interrupted action

The interrupted action =

Imperfect

The interruption = 

Preterite

Saber pret/imp

Preterite: “found out”

Imperf.: “knew”

Conocer pret/imp

Pret.: “met”

Imperf.: “knew”

Poder pret./imp

Pret.: “was able to” (and did!) (succeeded)

Imperf.: “was able to” (had ability to) (not necessarily done)

No poder pret/imp

Pret.: “was not able to” (failed to do something) (not like failing a test though)

Imp.: “was not able to” [excuse coming (ie. for HW)]

Querer pret/imp

Pret: “tried” (attempt to fulfill desire)

Imperf.: “wanted” (just desire)

No querer pret/imp

Pret.: “refused” (not doing something by refusal/lack of desire)

Imperf.: “did not want” (maybe you did it?)

tener que Pret/imp

Pret.: “had to” (and did!) (obligation fulfilled)

Imperf.: “had to” (obligation may or may not have been fulfilled)

Ir & ser are…

Completely irregular in the preterite

(They share the same conjugation)

Ir & ser conjugations

Yo - fui

Tú - fuiste

El/ella/Ud. - fue

Nosotros - fuimos

Vosotros - fuisteis

Ellos/ellas/Uds. - fueron

(NO ACCENTS)

Ir uses

(Went)

Must be used with preposition (a, de, con, para, en)

Ser uses

(Was/were)

Used with adjective (no preposition)

Ver and dar…

Have irregularities in the preterite, which are the same

Ver conjugations

Yo - vi

Tú - viste

El/ella/Ud. - vio

Nosotros - vimos

Vosotros - visteis

Ellos/ellas/Uds. - Vieron

(NO ACCENTS, ER/IR ENDING)

Dar conjugations

Yo - di

Tú - diste

El/ella/Ud. - dio

Nosotros - dimos

Vosotros - disteis

Ellos/ellas/Uds. - dieron

(NO ACCENTS, ER/IR ENDING)

Hay means..

There is/are (comes from the verb haber)

In Spanish, this verb has one form per tense

Preterite form of hay is…

Hubo

Andar 

(U-stem)

Anduv-

Caber 

(U-stem)

Cup-

Estar

(U-stem)

Estuv-

Poder

(U-stem)

Pud-

Poner

(U-stem)

Pus-

Saber

(U-stem)

Sup-

Tener

(u-stem)

Tuv-

Hacer

(i-stem)

Hic- (IS HIZO ONLY FOR EL/ELLA/UD.)

Querer

(I-stem)

Quis-

Venir

(i-stem)

Vin-

Conducir

(J-stem)

Conduj-

Decir

(j-stem)

Dij-

Traducir

(j-stem)

Traduj-

Traer

(j-stem)

Traj-

CONJUGATION OF U,J, I STEM VERBS

Yo - e

Tú - iste

El/ella/Ud. - o

Nosotros - imos

Vosotros - isteis

Ellos/ellas/Uds. - ieron

Only yo and el/ella/Ud. Come from AR ENDINGS (rest come from er/ir)

(NO ACCENTS OVERALL)

ALL ELLOS/ELLAS/UDS. J STEM VERBS..

Are conjugated with -eron

(Instead of ieron)

For a verb to stem change in the preterite, it must classify as the following:

1. -ir verb (AR/ER DO NOT STEM CHANGE)

2. Stem change in present tense

Conseguir

to get, achieve, obtain

Despedirse

to say goodbye

Divertirse

to have fun

Dormirse

to fall asleep

Mentir

to lie (as in not telling the truth)

Morir

to die

Pedir

to ask for

Seguir

to follow, continue, keep

Sentirse

to feel

Vestirse

to dress oneself

The stem-changes in preterite tense are: (Present to preterite)

e:ie —→ e:i

O:ue —→ o:u

e:i —→ e:i

Where does stem change occur?

Only in el/ella/Ud. Or Ellos/ellas/Uds. (Otherwise normal preterite ending with no additional accents)

Verbs ending in ___ ___ ___ have a spell-change in the preterite

Car, gar, zar

(ONLY IN YO FORM)

-car verbs change to..

qu(é)

-gar verbs change to…

Gu(é)

-zar verbs change to…

C(é)

Er/ir verbs with DOUBLE VOWELS

4 examples:

1. Leer

2. Creer

3. Oír

4. Caerse

   (Any double vowel spell-changing verbs, except for cases like seguir, traer)

Double vowel endings

Yo - í

Tú - íste

El/ella - yó

Nosotros - ímos

Vosotros - ísteis

Ellos/ellas/Uds.- yeron

ACCENTS IN ALL OF THE TOP PANCAKE FOR “i”

What is a command?

Telling someone to do something

Who do we address a Tú command to?

1 person

Ex.:

• amigo

• miembro de familia (not grandparent)

• compañero de clase

• compañero de equipo

To form regular positive tu commands:

Use the el/ella/Ud. form of the present tense

Irregular positive tu commands

Decir —> di

hacer—> haz

ir—> ve

poner—> pon

salir —> sal

ser—> sé

tener —> ten

venir —> ven

(Vin diesel has ten weapons)

What is a regular negative tu command?

telling someone not to do something