HIST102 FINAL EXAM THANK GOD

What was the ultimate goal of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)? (BOLD)

European monarchs sought to restore Europe’s Old Regime 

In the Congress of Vienna, who were the “Big Four”? (BOLD)

Austria, England, Prussia, and Russia (France was also part of it, but not considered one of the “Big Four”) 

Of the “Big Four” countries, who was in charge of each country? (BOLD)

Prince Metternich (Austria); Duke of Wellington and Lord Castlereagh (England); Frederick William III, Hardenberg, and Humboldt (Prussia); Tsar Alexander I (Russia) 

Who was the dominating leader of the Congress of Vienna? (BOLD)

Metternich (Austria) 

What ideas/principles did Metternich oppose? What did he support? (BOLD)

Opposed democracy and nationalism, supported compensation and legitimacy (putting old powers back in power); advocate for aristocracy 

True or False. The Congress of Vienna took language, nationality, and religion into consideration and liked the ideas of democracy and self-government. (BOLD)

False

What is the New Imperialism period about? (BOLD)

Competition between European nations to control natural resources and raw materials of the world (like in Africa, China, India, etc.) 

True or False. During the New Imperialism period, China is directly dominated by European countries, as well as the United States. (BOLD)

False (not a direct control, instead controlling ports; United States did not have a sphere, but rather an open-door policy for trade) 

India is the Crown Jewel of the ____ Empire. While their Western technology like railroads, mines, and industry expanded within the country, there is little improvement for the ____. (BOLD)

British; masses (native) 

What growths were occurring over the 19^th century leading up to the start of WWI? (BOLD)

Nationalism and Militarism 

What event sparked the beginning of WWI? (BOLD)

Assassination of Austro-Hungarian leader Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by a Serbian nationalist (from town of Sarajevo) 

True or False. Because Serbia is not responsible for the radical group that orchestrated the assassination on Ferdinand, Austria-Hungary forgives Serbia. (BOLD)

False (they declare war) 

True or False. Austria-Hungary had an alliance with Germany, and Serbia successfully made an alliance with Russia for military aid. (BOLD)

True

Russia also happens to have an alliance with ___, which becomes the primary target for Germany on their Western Front. However, because the country ____ is between them, they also become involved with the help of ____ ____. (BOLD)

France; Belgium; Great Britain 

What is the Schlieffen Plan? (BOLD)

Germany wants to avoid a two-front war by taking out enemies (France) on the Western Front before engaging in the Eastern Front (Russia)

Is the Schlieffen Plan successful? Why or why not? (BOLD)

Not successful; Germany is forced to move on Eastern Front before they can take out France, which is where a stalemate occurs

What were the successes of Austria-Hungary and Germany on the Eastern Front? (BOLD)

They inflict great casualties in Russia, knock Serbia out of the war, and are able to move their focus on the Western Front

What is WWI also known as? (BOLD)

The Great War 

What is the primary reason the death toll for WWI was in the millions? (BOLD)

Modern technology (machine guns, submarines, tanks, poisonous gases, airplanes, etc.)

What other countries outside of Europe were involved in WWI? (BOLD)

Asia/Japan, Middle East/Ottoman Empire, Lawrence of Arabia

True or False. The United States originally remained neutral in WWI, trading with both sides. (BOLD)

True

What was the Lusitania? (BOLD)

Biggest Ocean-liner (passenger ship) in the world; British passenger ship with 128 Americans on board; sunk by torpedo on May 7, 1915

Why did America start trading with the British instead of Germany? (BOLD)

British Navy blocked America’s trade routes to Germany and redirected trade to them

What caused German U-Boats to target and sink the Lusitania? (BOLD)

Germans thought the British were using Ocean-liners to carry war cargo 

True or False. The sinking of the Lusitania shifted American public opinion and caused them to declare war. (BOLD)

False (it shifted opinion but did not issue a declaration of war)

What is the significance of the Zimmerman Telegram? (BOLD)

Germany promised Mexico they would help them get back lost territory to the U.S. if they kept America out of the war in Europe (possibly by starting their own); telegram is leaked and America is outraged, declaring war on Germany

What is the main reason for the start of the Russian Revolution? (BOLD)

Tsar Nicholas II, leader of Russia, fails to bring Russian victory in WWI, resulting in many casualties; pressure from the public forces him to abdicate the throne, creating power vacuum

What is the Women’s March in Petrograd? (BOLD)

Women of Russia march demanding “peace and bread”; Nicholas II orders army to disperse crowds, but soldiers instead join demonstration, forcing him out of power

Who are the Bolsheviks? (BOLD)

Radical element of Russian Socialist Democratic party who take control of Russia (replacing the provisional government that came after Tsar abdicated)

Who is Vladimir Lenin? (BOLD)

Leader of Bolsheviks; Marxist philosophy; The people (government) own land and factories 

Who do the Bolsheviks eventually become renamed as? (BOLD)

The Communists  

What Treaty was established by Lenin in the Bolsheviks Revolution? (BOLD)

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, where Russia gives huge amount of territory to Germany and Austria-Hungary; Russia is officially out of WWI

What were the two opposing armies in Russia’s Civil War that broke out after WWI? (BOLD)

Red Army (Bolsheviks) and White Army (Anti-Bolsheviks)

What were the results of Russia’s Civil War? (BOLD)

Tsar Nicholas II and family murdered; Soviet Union is established with Communist system of government

 Although Germany was able to move troops to the Western Front after the Eastern Front was secure, Americans arrived in great numbers and, with the British and French forces combining with them, they were able to push German forces back. German navy units feel the pressures of the war closing in and mutiny. Eventually, what treaty happens that puts an end to the fighting? (BOLD)

Armistice; November 11, 1918 (Later known as Veterans Day)

What were the results of the upheaval in Germany and Austria-Hungary? (BOLD)

German leader Kaiser flees to Holland, German communists gain near full control of government, and Austro-Hungarian Empire falls

What is the Paris Peace Conference? (BOLD)

Meeting of victorious Allied nations to set terms for defeated Central Powers; Big Four are United States, Great Britain, France, and Italy

True or False. Germany was not invited to the Paris Peace Conference, instead facing the brunt of blame for the costs of the Great War. (BOLD)

True (War Guilt Clause)

What was the primary goal of the War Guilt Clause? (BOLD)

To weaken German militarily, economically, and strategically

What territories were lost (or occupied by another) from Germany? (BOLD)

Alsace and Lorraine (given to France), and Rhineland (demilitarized zone), and Ruhr Valley (France military occupation to mine for Germany’s iron)

Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points included the League of Nations, which is a World Peace Organization that crafted the Treaty of Versailles 1919. While the United States had introduced the concept of the League of Nations, they were unable to join because of what? (BOLD)

U.S. Senate failed to ratify the treaty because they opposed the League of Nations

Reparation payments for Germany are set at ______ gold marks per year, causing great economic strife. They also begin to _______, which causes hyper-inflation and deeming their marks worthless. (BOLD)

2.5 billion; print money

What is the Dawes Plan? (BOLD)

American Banking Plan that reduces reparations for Germany, loaning money to Germany to pay off their debts

True or False. Germany eventually joined the League of Nations in 1926. (BOLD)

True

What were the goals and effects of the Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928? (BOLD)

Outlawed war, attempted to reduce build-up of large European militaries, and Soviet Union (Russian Communism) begins to spread and present a threat

What were the issues going on for Italy post-WWI? (bold)

700,000 casualties from Great War, political and social unrest, high inflation and ineffective government

47. Who laid the foundation for a new political movement in Italy that became known as the Fascist Party, which aimed at eliminating all other political parties through violence and intimidation? (bold)

Benito Mussolini

Who are the Black Shirts? (bold)

Fascist group in Italy that used unrestrained violence, terrorist tactics, and insurrection threats to gain support and power

True or False. Mussolini successfully rose in power as Prime Minister (eventually dictator) and outlawed freedom of speech and any other political party formation. (bold)

True

In response to their ongoing problems of reparations, restrictions on military, and loss of territory, Germany experienced a rise in radical extremism with the ___ Party rising into power under Adolf Hitler’s leadership.

Nazi

Hitler becomes Chancellor and Fuhrer (leader) of Nazi Germany. What did he blame Germany’s problems on?

Treaty of Versailles and Jewish population

What is Hitler’s book he published while he was in prison?

Mein Kampf (plans for German future; autobiographical antisemitic manifesto)

53. What was the living space Hitler needed for the Aaryn race?

Lebensraum

What are the Nuremberg Laws?

Race laws against German Jews (stripped them of their citizenship and protections); no intermarriage between Jews and rest of German population

Despite the Treaty of Versailles prohibiting Germany’s remilitarization, Hitler gathered and deployed troops to what areas (prior to WWII)?

Rhineland (along French border), Austria (where Hitler was born; annexed), and Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia)

In the ___ Conference, Hitler invited British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French President to convince them of his claim to Sudetenland, which was successful. However, Hitler didn’t stop there and continued to take all of ____.

Munich; Czechoslovakia

What was the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact? How was it eventually broken?

Pact between Germany and Soviet Union to not fight each other and divide Poland (caused Great Britain and France to declare war within days); Operation Barbarossa broke pact (codeword for German invasion of Soviet Union)

True or False. While Britain and France eventually declared war on Germany, there was not a lot of action in the months of April through June that followed. This period was dubbed by the press as the “Phony war,” where it was thought there would be no conflict despite declaration.

True

What was the Blitzkrieg?

Very rapid deployment/invasion by Germany (including Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, France)

True or False. Germany is unsuccessful in invading Paris and forcing France to surrender during WWII.

False

Who became the British Prime Minister in WWII that swore Britain would “never surrender”?

Winston Churchill

After France, Hitler launched an Air campaign against the British. What were the airforces of each side called?

Luftwaffe/German Air Force vs. Royal Air Force

During WWII, America attempted to stay neutral, yet they did provide some aid in the fight against Germany. What kind of aid did they give?

Lend-Lease Act ($50 billion support; lend/lease arms to those fighting against Nazi Germany)

What is Operation Barbarossa? Was it successful?

German invasion of Soviet Union; largest invasion force in human history (three million German soldiers on two-thousand mile front-line); while they drove deep into Soviet territory, Russian winter stopped their advance

What is the Tripartite Pact?

Japan, Germany, and Italy alliance

What did the United States (Roosevelt) do to place restrictions on Japan?

Froze Japanese assets and placed Oil Embargo; U.S. prepared for potential retaliation in the Philippines

What happened at the Battle of Pearl Harbor?

Japanese surprise attack that resulted in America losing battleships and aircraft, with 2,403 casualties; America declared war

What were the alliances of the war after America joined?

United States (Roosevelt), Britain (Churchill), France, and Soviet Union (Stalin): Allies; Germany, Italy, and Japan: Axis

True or False. The Allies’ plan was to attack Japan first, then Germany.

False (attack Germany first, then Japan)

What was the Battle of Stalingrad?

Turning point in war; Nazi Army defeated at Stalingrad during Russian winter; Operation Barbaroosa started slow retreat back to Germany

What was the North Africa Campaign (Operation Torch)?

Battle for control of North Africa and Suez Canal; first time America fought Nazi Germany; Dwight Eisenhower in charge; German and Italian army forced to surrender

True or False. The Allies successfully invade Italy, where Rome eventually falls and Mussolini is forced out of power.

True

What was D-Day? 

Allies’ efforts to invade Nazi-controlled Europe, including France; Naval armada, planes, trucks, tanks, and men; Higgins Boats run up on shore, became largest seaborne invasion in world history

What was the Battle of the Bulge?

Allies were caught off guard by Germany in Belgium, who were able to create a bulge in Allies’ line of defense; Germany exhausted resources and invasion into Germany imminent

True or False. The full scale of the Holocaust was not revealed until the end of the war, when Allies were able to infiltrate Germany.

True

Roosevelt died in office, and his Vice President, ____, became President. He oversaw Germany’s surrender with Allies, also known as V-E Day (victory over Europe).

Harry S. Truman

Who is the Jewish German scientist who made the nuclear chain reaction possible (but never worked directly on atomic bomb project for U.S.)?

Albert Einstein

What is the Manhattan Project?

$2 billion secret project to build Atomic Bomb; led by Robert Oppenheimer

What was Trinity?

Test bomb success and world’s first nuclear explosion 

What were the names of the two bombs dropped on Japan? Where were they dropped?

Little Boy and Fat Man; Hiroshima and Nagasaki (200,000 casualties combined); Japan surrenders (V-J Day)

Who was the director of U.S. occupation of Japan at the ending of WWII?

General Douglas MacArthur