SG: CH3 Cells

Besides defining the boundaries of the cell, the plasma membrane regulates the _____ of ______ into and out of the cell

passage of substances

The plasma membrane consists of _____, ____, and ______.

phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins

The head of the phospholipids are water _____, causing them to face _____ toward the fluid in the cells interior and exterior.

loving; toward

the tails of the phospholipids are water _____, causing them to face ______ the fluid in the cell's interior and exterior.

fearing; away from

_____ molecules stiffen and strengthen the plasma membrane

cholesterol

_____ are embedded in various spots in the membrane and fulfill a number of roles.

Proteins

Because some substances can easily pass through the membrane, while others cannot, the plasma membrane is called ______ ___________.

selectively permeable

3 roles fulfilled by proteins in the plasma membrane

1. act as channels allowing solutes to pass in and out the cell

2. serve as receptors for specific chemicals or hormones

3. glycoproteins (proteins and carbohydrates) act as markers to help the body distinguish its own cells from foreign invaders.

Thread-like structures composed of DNA and protein extending throughout the nucleus

chromatin

hair-like processes that propel substances along a cell's surface

cilia

the cells powerhouse

mitochondria

supporting framework of the cell

cytoskeleton

structures filing the cytoplasm that perform specific tasks in cellular metabolism

organelles

Apparatus that prepares and packages proteins for export to other parts of the body

Golgi Apparatus

Rod-like structures consisting of tightly coiled DNA

chromosomes

Folds of the cell membrane that greatly increase a cell's surface area

reticulum

gel-like substance that fills the space between the plasma membrane and nucleus

cytoplasm

cell's protein producing structures

ribosomes

bundles of microtubules that participate in cell division

centrioles

Cellular garbage disposals

lysosomes

the cell's control center

nucleus

whip like projection that helps move a cell

flagella

nuclear envelope

double layered membrane surrounding the cell nucleus

nuclear pores

perforations that regulate the passage of molecues into the nucleus

nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction; contains set of 46 chromosome

Endoplasmic Reticulum

a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Microvilli

projections that increase the cell's surface area; found in cells charged with absorbing nurtrients

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move materials across a surface

flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

Passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell; diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. also called equilibrium

Concentration Gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance. moves down

Osmosis

Diffusion of water down a concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane

Osmolarity

total concentration of all solute particles in a solution

Tonicity

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

hypertonic

Pertains to a solution that contains a higher concentration of solutes outside compared to another solutions fluid within

Hypotonic

pertains to a solution that contains a lower concentration of solutes outside compared to another solution with a higher concentration inside

Filtration

A transport process in which water and dissolved particles are forced across a membrane from an area of higher to lower pressure

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels; channels adjust shape to protein without use of ATP

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference; sodium-potassium pump, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis

Diffusion is a _____transport mechanism, meaning that is doe not require energy

Passive

Diffusion involves the movement of particles from an area of _____ concentration to an area of _______ concentration

high, lower

The point at which no further diffusion occurs is called _____.

Equilibrium

A difference in concentration of a substance from one point to another is called a ______ ______.

Concentration gradient; particles are said to move down the concentration gradient

Osmosis involves the diffusion of ______ across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of ______ to _____ concentration.

water; low to high

In the body osmosis occurs when a particular substance ____ cross the cell membrane

cannot

this process helps make the concentration of solutes ____ on both sides of the plasma membrane

equal

as water diffuses by osmosis into a solution, the _____ of that solution increases

volume

water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis is called _____ ______.

Osmotic Pressure; the more solute in a solution the greater the osmotic pressure

Osmolarity

total concentration of all solute particles in a solution

Tonicity

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Tonicity is the ability of a solution to affect the ______ ___ and ______ in a cell through osmosis

fluid volume ; pressure

An isotonic solution contains a concentration of solutes that is ___________ the concentration of solutes inside the cell.

the same as

A hypertonic solution contains a ______ concentration of solutes compared with the fluid in the cells

higher

A hypotonic solution contains a ____ concentration of solutes compared with the fluid in the cells.

lower

When a blood cell is placed in an isotonic solution, fluid moves into the cell at the __________ as it moves out the cell.

same rate

When a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it ______

shrivels

When a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution it _____

swells

if infused into the human body distilled water acts as a _________ solution

hypotonic

if infused into the human body a concetrated salt solution would act as a _______ solution

hypertonic

Normal saline is considered ______ intravenous solution

an isotonic

In filtration water and dissolved particles move from an are of higher to lower _______

pressure

filtration is the method used by _______ to deliver water and nutrients to the body's tissues

capillaries

in facilitated diffusion molecules move from an area of higher to lower __________

concentration

in facilitated diffusion a solute enters a _____ ______ to pass through the plasma membrane

channel protein

sodium-potassium pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport 3 positively charged sodium ions out of a cell and 2 positively potassium ions into the cell via a channel protein

sodium-potassium pump continued

helps to maintain a higher concentration of sodium ions out of the cell and a higher concentration of potassium ions inside the cell that helps to stabilize the cells membrane potential; the function is critical in the neurons being able to fire an action potential

endocytosis

General type of vesicular transport that brings substances into the cell

phagocytosis

occurs when the cell engulfs (eats) a solid particle and brings it into the cell; method used by white blood cells

pinocytosis

occurs when vacuoles bring droplets of extracellular fluid containing dissolved substances into the cell

exocytosis

occurs when vesicles release substances outside the cell; an example is when mammary glands secrete breast milk

epithelial tissue having only one layer is called _____

simple epithelium

____________ _____________ epithelium consists of a single layer of flat, scale like cells

simple squamous

_____ _____epithelium consists of a single layer of cube like cells.

simple cuboidal

________ ______ epithelium consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped columnar cells; the different cell heights make the tissue appear to be stratified

pseudostratified columnar

_____ _____ epithelium consists of a single layer of columnar cells

simple columnar

simple squamous epithelium

Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; lines the alveoli

simple cuboidal epithelium

lines the ducts and tubules of many organs, including the kidneys; used for secretion and absorption

simple columnar epithelium

Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action.; lines the intestines

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Protection, secretion, movement of mucus

Location: Linings of respiratory passages such as the trachea, large bronchi, and nasal mucosa

stratified squamous epithelium

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion; nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina

transitional epithelium

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine; Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

Connective tissue types

dense fibrous, adipose, bone, cartilage, reticular, areolar, blood

dense fibrous connective tissue

provides great strength through parallel bundles of collagenic fibers; found in tendons

adipose connective tissue

acts as a storage depot for fat

bone connective tissue

Function: Support and protects; site blood cell formation

Location: Bones

cartilage connective tissue

strong and flexible support material; hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

Function: supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress

Location: forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms the costal cartilages of the ribs, cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx.

elastic cartilage

Function: Supports, protects, provides flexible framework

Location: Framework of external ear and parts of larynx

Fibrocartilage

Function: supports, protects, absorbs shock,

Location: between bony parts of spinal column, parts of pelvic girdle and knee

reticular connective tissue

Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.

Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).

areolar connective tissue

Function: wraps and cushions organs

Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body