Rocks, they rock
Bohr Model Atom
an Atom that consists of positive protons and neutral Neutrons in the nucleus, with negative electrons orbiting.
Cation
An atom that has lost electrons, making it positive (think Pawsitive)- left side of periodic table
Anion
an atom that has gained electrons, making it negative- right side of periodic table
Ionic bond
One atom gives electrons to another, causing electrostatic attraction
Covalent Bond
Two atoms share electrons, this is the strongest bond as the nuclei are close together
Metallic bond
Only forms in metals, the electron clouds of the various atoms merge together. this is very weak bond.
Top 8 most abundant elements in crust
O, Al, Si are 98%, then Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Na
Mineral Definition
Naturally occurring, inorganic(No CHO), crystalline solid (lattice)
Crystal Lattice
regular 3D repeated arrangement of Atoms
what is natural glass
Natural glass is a supercooled liquid
What are the 8 physical properties used to identify minerals
Color, Hardness, Density, Luster, Magnetism, reaction to acid, cleavage, and Diaphaneity(transperancy
Color
Most minerals have one color, but some have many, so don’t rely on color.
Hardness/Moh’s Hardness Scale
Scale for measuring the hardness of a mineral
2.5 is fingernail
6.5 is Steel nail
Cleavage
The tendency to break in perfect parallel planes, sometimes in multiple directions, determined by crystal structure
Fracture-
Irregular breaking surface, can be flat but never parallel
Conchoidal Fracture
Fractures that occur in glass like obsidian, contains whorls and circles
Density
Some minerals are noticeably heavier than expected
Reaction to HCl
some minerals, mostly just calcite, fizz in reaction to HCl
Magnetism
A few minerals, notably magnetite, are magnetic
Luster
Minerals are either metallic, glassy or earthy
Diaphaneity
Minerals are either transparent or non-transparent
The 7 mineral types
Natural elements, Halites, Carbonates, Oxides and hydroxides, sulfides, sulfates, and Silicates
Natural elements
Pure forms of elements
Carbonates
Cation + CO3
Halides
Cation+a halogen
Oxides and Hydroxide
Cation + O or OH
Sulfides
Cation + S
Sulfates
Cation + SO4
Silicates
Cation + SiO with different amounts of oxygen depending on the shape. This is the most important group
Silicate Tetrahedron
Cation + SiO4. Base building block of silicate minerals, all Silicates are made of these linked in different ways.
Single Silicate Tetrahedra
cation + SiO4. 4: 1 silicon to oxygen ration. Ex: Olivine Mg2SiO4
Single Chain Silicate
Tetrahedra share a corner oxygen. 3:1 ration. 90 degree cleavage. Ex: Pyroxene MgSiO3
Double chain Silicate
Two single chains linked by a corner oxygen. 2.75:1 ratio. 60-120 degree cleavage. Ex: Amphibole
Sheet silicate
Tetrahedra share 3 oxygens. Forms sheet for cleavage. Ex: Muscovite
Framework Silicates
Tetrahedra share all oxygens. Ex: Quartz
Quartz
Any color, no cleavage, Harder than steel, glassy luster
Gypsum
Scratched by Fingernail, green to white, pearly luster, one direction of excellent cleavage
Plagioclase Feldspar
no scratches, 2 cleavages, white-gray with striations
K-Feldspar
No scratches, salmon pink, two cleavages
Amphibole
no scratches, 2 60-120 degree cleavages, jet black
Pyroxene
no scratches, 2 rough cleavages, black-green color
Olivine
No scratches, olive green, conchoidal fractures
Garnet
No scratch, No cleavage, glassy luster
Muscovite
scratched by steel, forms sheets, very transparent and slightly brown
Biotite
scratched by steel, forms sheets, dark brown
Halite
scratched by steel, cubic cleavage, salty
Calcite
Scratched by Steel, 3 cleavages at non-90 degree angles, reacts with HCl
Rock cycle
Rocks change from one type to another, through heat, pressure, weather, deposition, and other processes.
Crystal Face vs Cleavage Plane
Crystal faces are what face out as the mineral is formed while cleavage planes are a result of breakage.;