ib history paper 2 ib exam hl -- auth states

castro conditions: economic factors

1901 and 1902 platt amendments gave US parenting powers over Cuba. Cuba's economy strong as a result of the sugar industry but dependent on the US. wealth disparity between upper and lower classes. 1944 Batista fled with most of the treasury to financially limit the next administration

castro conditions: social division

ruling class took most of the wealth. society was racially divided, with eastern provinces being significantly poorer with majority Black Cubans living in the east and more privileged Spanish and white Cubans in the west. increasing interest in socialism and communism. Cuba's resentment of the US grew as a result of the Platt Amendments

castro conditions: impact of war

platt amendments were a direct result of the spanish-american war because they were imposed on Cuba as a condition for its independence, and the US used them to secure its interests in Cuba. wars of independence in Cuba led to an increase in anti-colonial nationalism

castro conditions: weakness of the political system

batista's regime ultimately overthrown due to corruption and violence

castro methods: persuasion and coercion

moncada programme: vision for a new Cuba which included power to the people, land reforms, end to corruption and he gained a lot of support as a result. granma expedition 1953: trained and prepared Cuban exiles to help overthrow Batista's regime on his way back to Cuba from Mexico; ultimately failed, but gained attention and support. sierra maestra campaign 1956 to 1959: guerrilla attacks against Batista, which allowed Castro to expand his platform and gain support from the peasant population.

castro methods: role of leaders

che guevara worked with Castro in the M-26-7 campaign, helping with guerrilla tactics and peasant outreach. castro was a charismatic, radical leader with a flexible and adaptive strategy. moncada programme, M-26-7, granma expedition.

castro methods: ideology

focus on nationalism rather than communism to avoid US apprehension. emphasis on social justice through programs to create access to better education, higher quality healthcare, and increased economic fairness. moncada programme and economic reforms were implemented to redistributed wealth.

castro methods: use of force

M-26-7. sierra maestra campaign. granma expedition.

castro methods: propaganda

M-26-7. sierra maestra campaign. granma expedition.

castro consolidation and maintenance: use of legal methods

INRA was established, which was an organization within the government in charge of agrarian reforms and only answerable to Castro. all government power in the hands of people specifically appointed by Castro.

castro consolidation and maintenance: use of force

created armed militias to complement the exisiting forces, including armed forces and a secret police force.

castro consolidation and maintenance: charismatic leadership

in the 1960s Castro and Guevara helped other revolutionary groups by sending troops to assist rebels around the world, with Guevara personally leading some expeditions. 1961 Bay of Pigs: President Kennedy send Cuban exiles to invade Cuba to spark an uprising and overthrow Castro. Kennedy's plan failed when Castro's militia defeated the exiles and captured many, parading them in front of the media.

castro consolidation and maintenance: dissemination of propaganda

banned all other political parties. newspaper and radion stations often censored or forced to close if they spoke out against Castro's regime. 1959 Castro resigned from his position as prime minister, saying that it was in protest of President Urrutia's refusal to implement social reforms that Castro believed were necessary. led to many requests for Urrutia's resignation, which he did.

castro: opposition

rebels, anti-Batista groups and some of the wealthy middle classes worked against Castro, and in response many were denounced as traitors and arrested. US waging an economic war against Cuba, banning all US imports to Cuba, hoping that economic starvation would force Cuba into a friendlier stance. Castro took over all US corporations in response, and the US' actions pushed Castro into the USSR's arms. DRE was an anti-Castro revolutionary group who attempted to target his supporters, even receiving the support of the CIA. Castro's solidified influence ultimately led to them disbanding with little success and members were imprisoned or killed. 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis: soviet missiles placed on Cuba to discourage another US invasion. crisis averted when the US agreed to remove missiles from Turkey and Italy and USSR removed missiles from Turkey. upset Castro because the USSR had promised to keep their missiles in Cuba. US established a quarantine zone around Cuba in response.

castro: foreign policy

cuban missile crisis, bay of pigs, USSR and Cuba's agreement

mao conditions: economic factors

poverty, military losses impact the economy as a result of reparations that had to be paid

mao conditons: social division

wealth focused in urban areas. people increasingly unhappy with the GMD and Chiang Kai-Shek, so they saw the CCP as an alternative. May Fourth Movement 1919: student protests of the Treaty of Versailles because they felt China was betrayed by the west since Japan was given concessions in China. First United Front Chiang felt he needed to reassert his power over the CCP in the White Terror 1927, where he used military force to purge communist organizations.

mao conditions: impact of war

loss in the sino-japanese war. loss of life in the second sino-japanese war. chinese civil war created conditions for the CCP to take control because the GMD was weakened by fighting Japan. cold war exacerbated tensions between the CCP and GMD.

mao conditions: weakness of the political system

warlord era caused major political weakness as there was no single united government. Chiang Kai-Shek's leadership becoming increasingly dictatorial.

mao methods: persuasion and coercion

Long March 1934: GMD forces surrounded CCP forces, pushing the CCP to flee and march for over a year. just 20,000 troops survived of the 100,000 who started. rectification campaigns: anyone suspected of being disloyal was publicly stripped of their posts and possessions.

mao methods: role of leaders

long march. Mao frequently disobeyed orders from USSR, showing how his ideology and beliefs weren't entirely in line with USSR communists.

mao methods: ideology

long march. Mao's ideology seen as a sinified version of marxism. he believed peasant masses were able to overthrow feudalism and create a socialist society. defined the communist revolution as a social movment.

mao methods: use of force

rectification campaigns. 1927 after the White Terror Mao and his forces retreated to the mountains where they established a strong guerrilla force.

mao methods: propaganda

long march

mao maintenance and consolidation: use of legal methods

anti-movements: used to help consolidate his power; declared the middle class as enemies of the state, English seen as the language of foreign exploitation, some customs and religions came under attack, jazz music banned, hundreds of thousands of books banned.

mao maintenance and consolidation: use of force

red guards: student led paramilitary movement with the goal of destroyed the four olds: old ideas, customs, culture and habits. they took control of public transport and media. Hundred Flowers Campaign 1957: Mao encouraged criticism of his campaign which at first was mild but then became brutal. Mao launched this campaign to get his critics to redact their criticisms. Cultural Revolution 1966-1976: mass political upheaval that resulted in genocide, class war, cultural destruction, and economic chaos. anyone seen as disloyal was purged and attacked. rectification campaigns. labor camps: people arrested and sent to camps without trial, 25 million died. mass killings: the regime's most dangerous enemies imprisoned or killed while others were interrogated or kept under surveillance. Mao issued quotas for how many per thousand could be killed.

mao maintenance and consolidation: charismatic leadership

promised to free the country from imperialism, class divisions, and further the revolution. implemented land reforms where land was confiscated from landlords and redistributed among peasants, who were also given partial ownership, wiping out the landlords as a class.

mao maintenance and consolidation: dissemination and propaganda

1960s Little Red Book: book of compilations and sayings by Mao that became central to training of PLA soldiers, almost like a secular bible. it enshrined Mao as a cult leader in China.

mao: opposition

Chiang Kai-Shek and the nationalists continued to fight against Mao's regime. united nations recognized Chiang Kai-Shek's government in Taiwan, not the CCP as the legitimate government of China. Hundred Flowers Campaign. 1959 Tibet rose up against the Chinese occupation, and China responded with suppression and mass arrests.

mao: foreign policy

Mao wanted China to gain power as a powerful and independent country. 1955 representatives met in Bandung Indonesia to discuss peace and the role of their countries in the cold war, economic development, and decolonization. Mao appeared to be leader of the communist states, as well as those non-aligned in the cold war.