ANSC 3010 Exam 1

nutrient

A ____ is a feed constituent or group of feed constituents that aid in the support of life.

age, size of animal, environment, heredity, disease, activity, species, degree of body condition, antagonistic factors or ration imbalances

Indicate 2 factors that could affect the nutrient requirement of animals.

cecum

Which of the following is much more developed in the horse than the pig?

rumen? omasum? ileum? duodenum? cecum? none of the above?

omnivores

Animals are classified into groups based on the type of diet they consume, indicating the type of GI tract the animal has. What kind of animal consumes a combination of plant and animal matter?

gizzard, crop, proventriculus

Name 2 parts of the chicken's GI tract that are not found in other livestock species.

coprophagy

the practice of reingesting material that has already been eliminated from the digestive tract.

small intestine

The most active portion of the pig's digestive tract for digestion and absorption of nutrients is the ____

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and some yeasts

What are the 3 major types of microbial organisms that are present in the rumen? Indicate which is present in large amounts.

absorption

____ is defined as the process by which digested nutrients cross the cellular lining (membranes) of the GI tract.

colon

What is the major site of roughage fermentation in the horse?

digestion

____ is defined as converting complex feed nutrients into absorbable forms.

limiting

If a specific amino acid required to synthesize a protein is not available, the protein cannot be synthesized. This is referred to as a ____ amino acid.

e. all of the above

The following nutrients are synthesized by rumen microbes.

a. Vitamins and minerals

b. Vitamins and Water

c. Proteins and carbohydrates

d. Protein and Vitamins

e. all of the above

A, D, E, K

List the fat soluble vitamins.

vitamin C

The water soluble vitamins include the B-complex vitamins and ____

· Calcium (Ca)

· Phosphorus (P)

· Chlorine (Cl)

· Magnesium (Mg)

· Potassium (K)

· Sodium (Na)

· Sulfur (S)

List the 7 macrominerals.

· Chromium (Cr)

· Cobalt (Co)

· Copper (Cu)

· Iron (F)

· Fluorine (Fl)

· Iodine (I)

· Manganese (Mn)

· Molybdenum (Mo)

· Nickel (Ni)

· Selenium (Se)

· Silicon (Si)

· Zinc (Zn)

List the microminerals.

iron

Which trace mineral is always deficient in baby pigs?

cobalt

Which trace mineral is a part of vitamin B12?

skeleton

The largest amounts of minerals occur in the ____ and provide its structural rigidity.

diet

A ____ is a balanced mixture of feedstuffs which nourish the animal for more than 24 hours.

Vitamin K

Which fat soluble vitamin is synthesized by rumen microbes?

carbohydrates

The class of nutrients supplying the main source of energy in usual livestock rations is ____

acetate, propionate, butyrate

What are the 3 main volatile fatty acids (VFA's) produced in the rumen from fermentation of feeds?

papillae

The volatile fatty acids are absorbed by thousands of "finger-like" projections lining the bottom and sides of the rumen wall. What are these finger-like projections called?

25%

A feed source containing 4% nitrogen would contain what % crude protein by the proximate analysis system?

Ash analysis

In her Master's degree work, Dr. Williams found that her silage had a lot of soil incorporated during harvest. Which proximate analysis procedure was used to determine this?

False

True or False: Carbohydrates contain 2.25 times as much energy as fats.

False

True or False: To determine the digestibility of protein in a feedstuff fed to an animal, you must measure the protein in the urine.

True

True or False: As a general rule, mineral toxicity is much less of a problem than mineral deficiencies.

f. % digestible NDF

In calculating the TDN value of a feedstuff, which of the following nutrients is not used?

a. % digestible protein

b. % digestible ash

c. % digestible ether extract

d. % digestible crude fiber

e. % digestible NFE

f. % digestible NDF

g. all of the above are used

-crude protein - c. Kjeldahl

-crude fat - a. ether extract

-inorganic minerals - b. ash

-nitrogen free extract - e. 100 - %(water+CP+EE+ash+CF)

You submit a feed sample to a laboratory to have a complete "Proximate Analysis" performed on it. Match the procedure with the feed component it determines:

crude protein, crude fat, inorganic minerals, nitrogen free extract

a. ether extract

b. ash

c. Kjeldahl

d. Van Soest

e. 100 - %(water+CP+EE+ash+CF)

gross

____ energy is the amount of heat produced when a feed is completely oxidized using an Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter.

cellulase

Ruminants are able to utilize fibrous feeds because rumen microbes have which enzyme (not present in mammals)?

NDF (neutral detergent fiber)

ADF (acid detergent fiber)

The Van Soest fiber procedure has become more common and has replaced the crude fiber procedure because it more accurately defines the carbohydrate components associated with plant materials? (give abbreviation and spell out)

NDF

measures most of the structural components in plant cells (lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose, but not pectin)

ADF

measures the fraction of undigestible plant material in forage, usually cellulose fiber coated with lignin

feeding trial

Dr. Williams wants to evaluate a new variety of corn (a GMO) that has been ensiled. She feeds this new corn silage to a group of dairy cows and measures feed intake and milk production. What type of evaluation is this?

Although it may have a high gross energy, it does not have digestible energy which is the energy the animal needs for metabolic functions.

A "shady" feed salesman has concocted a mixture of sawdust, cinders, ground rubber, crankcase oil, and leather trimmings, had the mixture pelleted, and is selling it as a "bargain" feed for pigs. Shortly after the salesman left town, local farmers begin submitting complaints to their extension service about the feed. It seems to be worthless. However, when a proximate analysis is performed, the results meeting the suggested requirements for pigs. It is determined that this "grain mix" has high gross energy content, exceeding 5,000 kcal/kg. Why this feed is "worthless" for the pigs?

carbohydrates

The nutrient class supplying the main source of energy in usual livestock rations is ____

cell wall and cell contents

The portion of forage material that is soluble in neutral detergent?

corn

High energy cereal grain that has the highest digestible energy content for animals, is regarded as the best feed grain, and is the cereal grain that all other feed grains are compared to in North America.

triticale

____ is a cereal grain that is the cross between wheat and rye that is used as a feed for livestock.

wheat and rice

cereal grains grown primarily for human consumption

wheat

high energy cereal grain more likely to cause rumen acidosis - due to rapid fermentation

milo

This cereal grain contains nearly as much energy as corn but is high in tannins, which decreases palatability.

xanthophills

____ is a compound found in corn that enhances skin color (yellow color) in broilers (type of poultry used for meat production) and yolk color in eggs.

black light

Corn is not visibly moldy when contaminated with aflatoxin. How can this toxin be detected in the corn?

high-energy concentrate

A feed that is less than 20% crude protein, greater than 70% TDN, and less than 18% crude protein is classified as ____

tannins

Phenolic compounds that reduce palatability and reduce nutrient digestibility by forming indigestible complexes with proteins

e) a, b, and c

Fats can be used for which of the following:

a) source of supplemental energy

b) increase palatability

c) dust controlling agent

d) increase the protein quality

e) a and c

f) a, b, and c

dried whey

Which milk by-product has long been used in starter feeds for poultry and baby pigs and in milk replacers for young ruminants?

Kleinpeter

Which "relatively local" dairy farm uses rice hulls for bedding?

300 ppb

In the aflatoxin article posted in Moodle, what is the maximum level allowed by the FDA for finishing beef cattle?

whole cottonseed

What by-product of the cotton milling industry is being used in a digestibility trial at the LSU dairy farm?

international feed number

What do the letters IFN stand for?

efficiently

One of the biggest challenges that livestock producers and nutritionists face is understanding how we can utilize available natural resources more _______________ to ensure adequate food supply produced for world's population.

b. donkey

Which of the following is a colon fermentor?

a. Cow

b. Donkey

c. rabbit

d. dog

e. cat

cecum

Which of these are not in the proper sequence starting from the anterior end of the digestive tract:

duodenum - cecum - jejunum - ileum - colon?

1. stomach

2. duodenum

3. jejunum (longest part of small intestine)

4. ileum

5. cecum

6. large intestine

7. rectum

List the parts of the digestive tract in order.

small intestine

In monogastric animals, is ____ the primary site in the GI tract for fat digestion.

digestion

absorption

____ is defined as converting complex feed nutrients into absorbable forms, whereas ____ is defined as the process by which nutrients cross the cellular lining (membranes) of the GI tract.

b. synthesize microbial protein from non protein nitrogen

Which of the following is an advantage of ruminants?

a. Heat production during fermentation

b. Synthesize microbial protein from non protein nitrogen

c. Convert high quality protein to microbial protein

d. All of the above

bloat

Microbial fermentation in the rumen can generate quite a bit of gas production. What problem may occur if the gas is not eructated?

a. cecum

Which of the following is the major site of roughage fermentation in the rabbit?

a. Cecum

b. rumen

c. stomach

d. Omasum

e. small intestine

f. colon

1. Arginine

2. Histidine

3. Isoleucine

4. Leucine

5. Lysine

6. Methionine

7. Phenylalanine

8. Threonine

9. Tryptophan

10. Valine

There are 10 essential amino acids (EAA) for most animals. List them.

taurine

There is one EAA that is specifically required by cats. What is it?

glutamic acid, glycine, proline

What are some additional EAAs for chicks?

1. alanine

2. aspartic acid

3. citrulline

4. cystine

5. hydroxyproline

6. serine

7. tyrosine

List the nonessential amino acids.

cecotrophs

The soft feces produced by the rabbit and mouse are also referred to as ____

-thiamin (B1)

-riboflavin (B2)

-pyridoxine (b6)

-cyanocobalamin (B12)

-biotin

-choline

-pantothenic acid

-nicotinic acid (niacin)

-folic acid (folacin)

-Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

List the water soluble vitamins.

dissolved solids

Water is the most important nutrient! A general definition for good-quality water is that it should contain less than 2,500 mg/l (0.25%) of ____

iodine

Which trace mineral is part of thyroid hormones?

False (energy is not a nutrient)

True or False: Energy is an essential nutrient for donkeys.

The rumen microbes manufacture all of the water-soluble B-complex vitamins, including biotin, niacin, thiamin and riboflavin.

Which of the B complex vitamins are synthesized by rumen microbes?

fat contents of feed

Ether extract is used to determine which nutrient in a feedstuff?

3%

A feed source containing 18.75% crude protein would contain what % Nitrogen by the proximate analysis system?

Kjeldahl method

Which proximate analysis procedure is used to determine % Crude Protein?

column 1 because water dilutes CP on as fed basis (value is always higher on DM basis)

Dr. Williams sent a sample of calf starter to the lab for analysis. The results were faxed back to her, but the ink smeared and she couldn't clearly read the results. In column 1, the crude protein was 20% and the crude fat was 2.5%. In column 2, the crude protein was 22.2% and the crude fat was 2.75%. Which column was giving results on an "as fed" basis and why do you think so?

Neutral-Detergent Fiber (NDF)

Acid-Detergent Fiber (ADF)

What 2 methods are becoming more common and are replacing the crude fiber procedure because they more accurately define the carbohydrate components associated with plant materials?

feedstuff

A ____ can be defined as any component of a diet (ration) that serves some useful function

wheat

Which cereal grain is high in gluten proteins which become "sticky" when moist and may improve pellet quality if used in livestock feeding?

in situ

Dr. Williams put some cottonseed hulls in nylon bags and then placed them into the rumen of the fistulated cow. After 24 hours she took the bags out, dried them, and weighed them. She then determined the digestibility of the cottonseed hulls. What type of digestibility trial was this?

silica

Rice hulls are almost totally indigestible because of their very high ________ content.

tannins

Grain sorghum contains nearly as much energy as corn but is high in an "anti-nutritional compound" which decreases palatability and binds protein. What is this compound?

fiber

Barley as the sole grain source in the diet will not produce maximum gains or feed efficiency because it is high in ____

Maize (a pigmenter)

Dr. Williams mentioned a feed additive (feedstuff) that can also enhance skin color in broilers and yolk color in eggs. What was this feed?

Aflatoxin

Corn may be contaminated with a mycotoxin produced by a mold (Aspergillus flavus). What is this mycotoxin that is of particular concern with corn?

more likely to cause rumen acidosis due to rapid fermentation

Although wheat is a high energy cereal grain, it may be of concern when fed to ruminants. Why must a producer be concerned about feeding wheat to cattle?

a. chromic oxide

What is a commonly used marker in digestibility trials?

a. Chromic oxide

b. cobalt

c. Ytterbium

d. black sharpee

e. a and b

f. a and c

???

Which marker is most commonly used to determine liquid turnover rate?

PSE pork

If an oil is fed to poultry or swine, carcass fat becomes less saturated, which is not desirable. What do we call this pork?

-provide energy and a source of essential fatty acids in the diet

-adequate amounts of fats are essential for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

-fats are used to synthesize various compounds required by the animal or stored in fat deposits as an energy reserve

-integral part of the lipid-protein structure of cell membranes

-important in the structure of prostaglandins

List 2 reasons why fat may be added to animal diets.

grain sample - info from the sample is used to establish the quality characteristics and the value of the grain

For what purpose would you use the tool in the photo for?

???

Which marker did Dr. Williams put in her friend's shampoo bottle?

RFV (relative feed value) and RFQ (relative forage quality) ???

In the article posted in Moodle about feed analysis, what were the 2 primary approaches to testing forages and feeds?

Mexico

About half of the national needs for broomcorn are being met by imports from which country?

20 ppb

What is the maximum level of aflatoxin allowed in human food or feed for immature animals?

200 ppb

What is the maximum level of aflatoxin allowed in feed for finishing swine of greater than 100 pounds?

100 ppb

What is the maximum level of aflatoxin allowed in feed for breeding cattle, breeding swine, or poultry