Anatomy Chapter 2 (Chemistry)

biochemistry (carbs give you quick energy, fats save energy for later, proteins do many of the actual jobs in cells, nucleic acids tell your cells what to do through genetic information)

the study of the molecules that makeup living things

Element

Simplest form of matter that has its own unique properties

atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus in an element

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus

What 6 elements make up 98.5% of your body?

91, 24

How many naturally ocuring elements are there? and how many play a role in humans?

Minerals

inorganic elements your body needs to function often passed up food chains for humans

Trace elements

elements presented in little amounts, but still play a vital role

protons, neutrons, electrons

Three important particles in an atom…

Nucleus

Center of atom, composed of protons and neutrons

charge = 0, located inside nucleus, mass = 1 amu

Neutrons charge, mass and location

charge = +, located inside nucleus, mass = 1amu

Protons charge, mass and location

charge = -, located outside nucleus, very low mass

Electrons charge, mass and location

in concentric clouds (electron shells or energy levels) surrounding nucleus

Where are electrons located?

Valance electrons

in the outermost shell and determine chemical bonding properties of an atom

the proton number is always equal to the electron number

Why are atoms always going to be electrically neutral?

isotope

Different version of the same element; atom of the same element that has a different number of neutrons

identity; weight; electrons equal the same number of protons so that is why they are still chemically similar and still chemically similar

protons =

neutrons = (when dealing with isotopes)

electrons =

radioactivity; radioisotope

Isotope that is unstable, because its nucleus is unstable it naturally breaks down or decays and releases radiation; every element has atleast one _______

ionizing radiation

enough energy to knock electrons out of atoms or molecules

destroy molecules, create free radicals, cause genetic mutations, increase the risk of cancer

What can ionizing radiation do?

biological half-life

how long it takes for 50% of a substance to leave or disapear from the body

physical half-life

the amount of time it takes for 50% of a radioisotope to decay into a stable state

Sv (how much radiation exposure affects your body)

unit used to measure the biological effect of radiation on the body

5 Sv

How much Sv is usually fatal?

50 mSv

What is the acceptable exposure number of Sv per year?

2.4 mSv

Average amount of background radiation per year?

0.6 mSv per year

Average amount of artifical sources of radiation per year?

Madame Curie

Coined the term radioactivity, discovered radioactivity of polonium and radium, trained physicians in use of X-rays and pioneered radiation therapy as a cancer treatment

neutrons but when neutrons are admitted they can push electrons, you are able to capture those electrons…. but the electrons will then cause more damage

Isotope has extra _____,

Ion

when the number of protons and electrons become unequal

Ionization

electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom (one atom looses an electron and another gains it)

Cation

Positively charged ion (looses electrons)

anion

Negative charged ion (gains electrons)

positive cation and negative anion

What type of ions are attracted to eachother?

Salt

compound made of positive ion (cation) + negative ion (anion)

Some salts dissociate, meaning they seperate into their ions when placed into water

What happens when salt goes in water?

substance that forms ions in water, allowing the solution to conduct electrcity

What is an electrolyte?

chemical reactions, osmosis, nerves and muscles,

Why do electrolytes matter?

free radicle

unstable, highly reactive particle with an unusual number of electrons, unstable molecule looking for stability

antioxidants

help neutralize free radicals, prevent free radicals from damaging molecules

molecule

when two or more atoms join together with a chemical bond

compound

molecule that contains 2 or more different elements

molecular formula

Formula that tells you which elements are present and how many atoms of each element

sctructural formula

formula that shows where the atoms are located and how they are connected

Isomer

molecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms

molecular weight

total weight of all the atoms in a molecule

chemical bond

what holds atoms together

Ionic Bond

attraction between a cation and a anion (opposite charge so they stick together), one atom gives an electron to another

Ionic bonds are relatively easy to break because water molecules are attracted to the ions

Why can water break ionic bonds?

covalent bonds

Instead of transferring electrons, the atoms share electrons

single covalent bond

Atoms share 1 pair of electrons

double covalent bond

Atoms share 2 pairs of electrons

nonpolar covalent

the electrons are shared equally in this covalent bond

polar covalent

the electrons are shared unequally in the covalent bond

hydrogen bond (water molecules)

weak attraction between slightly positive hydrogen and slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen

oxygen pulls the shared electrons toward itself more strongly meaning the sligtly positive H of one water is attracted to the slightly negative O of another water molecule

Why does hydrogen become slightly positive?

Van Der Waals forces

weak attractions between neutral atoms (temporary polarity)

Mixture (ex. salt water; salt is still salt and water is still water when mixed together)

substances are physically combined but not chemically bonded together

Chemical compound

chemically combined, atoms are bonded together, H20, requires chemical change to break apart

Solevency

the ability to dissolve other chemicals

Hydrophilic

“Water-loving”, substances dissolve in water, they are usually polar and charged

hydrophobic

“water-fearing”, substances that do not dissolve well in water (usually nonpolar and neutral)

adhesion

one substance sticks to another substance (water sticks to other surface, water sticking to inside of blood vessels)

cohesion (surface tension; at the surface of water, water molecules are strongly held together

molecules of the SAME substance stick together, Water molecules stick to other water molecules because of hydrogen bonds,

Chemical reactivity

water can participate in chemical reactions

hydrolysis

Water helps break molecules apart

dehydration synthesis

water is removed when molecules are joined together

thermal stability

Water has a high heat capacity, It takes a lot of heat to change water's temperature,

1 calorie

amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree C

Hydrogen bonds

Why does water have high heat capacity?

solution

has a substance called a solute dissolved in another substance called the solevant

colloid

has particles that are bigger than a solution but smaller than a suspension.

suspension

has the largest particles, ex: blood,

emulsion

suspension of one liquid in another liquid; they seperate