civ SAQ

when did the I.R. begin?

1750 to today

where did the I.R. start?

It began in Britain when the British began using coal as a fuel source because it was running out of wood

The effect of industrialization on urban areas

increased urbanization, empire-building, air and water pollution increased, center of manufacturing to be near potential workers

the effect of industrialization on rural areas

many left their rural areas, increased mechanization of farming, pollution, deforestation, land degradation, and depletion of natural resources

importance of banks

became the cornerstone of the new industrial economy that developed, gave loans to aspiring entrepreneurs

importance of investor capitalists

wealthy individuals looking to make a profit by investing in a good idea or product, crucial for economic growth, provided funding and expertise to startups, contribute to the development of new industries and technologies

working conditions during the I.R.

long hours, repetitive tasks, low wages, child labor, easy to replace, women workers (lower wages), all supervisors were men (the only ones with managerial roles), unsanitary conditions, extreme heat and cold, dangerous equipment, and little to no protective gear

James watt

adapted a previously invented steam engine and improved its ability to create energy

I.R. effects on nobility and aristocracy

retained great social prestige and many remained wealthy, their power eroded as industrialists gained riches and power, many could not keep their estates, domestic workers made more money in factories, most continued to live segregated from the middle and laboring classes

I.R. effects on the middle class

benefited the most from the industry, grew greatly, educated members of society became more important than aristocracy, some became very wealthy and owned nice homes, became part of the “cult of domesticity” and were expected to be homemakers, wives, and mothers

I.R. effects on the laboring classes

millions moved to the Americas to escape factory life and gain freedom, over decades workers began to win concessions from employers and achieve protections in the law, worked in very dangerous factories

socialism

the idea of disliking the working conditions and inequalities of factory life, created political parties to work with government, advocated for more workers rights

socialism was a response to what?

to the perceived inequalities and exploitations of the capitalist system, advocating for public ownership of the means of production and a more equitable distribution of wealth and resources

Karl Marx

german socialist, philosopher, and reformer who coined the term Communism in his book The Communist Manifesto, argued capitalism was causing all of the world’s social problems and should be abolished, predicted change would happen through violent revolution led by industrial workers

Communism

political and economic system that advocates for a classless society where the government owns and controls the means of production, more extreme subset of the larger socialist movement

Meiji Restoration (1868-1895)

japan’s return to a strong imperial government with successful efforts to industrialize, modernize, and “westernization”, the emperor was given “god-like” status again with few checks on his power, became a rallying point for the people and helped promote national unity, factories, railroads, steamships, mines, and banking systems were created. Built by hiring foreign experts to teach japanese recruits, criticism was not tolerated, urban workers were treated badly and unions were disallowed. The samurai class was abolished, rebels and handouts were shot, men were given mandatory military service (conscription), helped unify the different regions of Japan, acted as form of nationalism

Industrialism in the U.S.

Began in textile factories in New England in the 1820s, railroads became the most important economic and social development, corporations developed, rapid industrialization took off after the Civil War, bankruptcy was created, the culture of consumption came to be, and self-made industrialists came to be as well

Industrialism in Russia

stuck in the past and seen as backwards by their Western European peer countries, they wanted to industrialize and modernize but not change their system, feudalism was practiced to a large degree, serfs made up a majority of the population, in 1890 Russia launched its own industrial revolution, intelligentsia pushed for socialism and reform, secret police arrested and exiled agitators, prison camps known as gulags were made, pogroms came to be which were public and secret government-sponsered persecution campaigns, russo-japanese war took place, soviets called for strikes

Industrialism in Latin America

was 18 different countries, colonies overthrew their european overlords with enlightenment inspired revolutions, countries came under the control of elite landowners with military strongmen (caudillos) enforcing the status quo, creole elites came to be to control land for agriculture and ranching, made money off exports of food and raw materials, elite benefited most, machismo became known that honored male strength and aggression, feminist causes slowed and repressed, gauchos which were ranch hands of the pampas of argentina came to be,

Benito Juarez

native American president of Mexico who led an Enlightened reform movement (La Reforma)

Porfirio Diaz

hated mexican dictator who was in power at the beginning of the revolution, made large modernization efforts with foreign investments

Gains that resulted from Industrialism in Latin America

land reform occurred with mixed success, enlightenment rights were solidified in a new constitution, a nation education system was set up, mexico remained a very unstable country

reasons for Imperialism

The industrial revolution fueled European expansion, created a demand for raw materials and agricultural products, there was a need for markets in which to sell European goods and allow capitalists to invest in them, foreign markets created jobs and stability for Europeans, nationalism stressed expansion, Gunpowder, repeating rifles, the Maxim gun, and artillery on ships gave Europeans a military advantage, and steamships, the telegraph, canals (Suez and Panama), and railroads could connect and maintain empires

Benefits for imperial nations

could acquire strategic locations across the world, Britain had colonies in every time zone, Resources from colonies made it easier to stabilize and rule homelands, Kept factories running, spread people’s cultures, values, health care, government, religion, and education (soft power)

Benefits for imperialized people

infrastructure exanded (electricity, roads, rails), technology (telephones, cameras, steam engines), and availability of products (mass production)

scientific revolution

idea that humans consist of several distinct racial groups that are more different than similar, presented as fact for generations in textbooks

ottomans all true except what?

something about colonizing the americas

the berlin conference

meeting of industrial powers called by german chancellor otto von bismarck to discuss the takeover of Africa, no african voices were present, meant to keep imperial powers from coming in conflict with each other, the aftermath of the meeting is known as the Scramble For Africa

Singapore

colonized to link British bases between the Indian Ocean and South China Sea, strategically important for British security and economy, allowed the British to dominate trade between India and China

Hawaii

native government overthrown by children of American missionaries, found themselves vulnerable to take over by other imperial powers, begged the U.S. to annex them, becomes a territory for it vulnerable geographic position and Pearl Harbor, U.S. companies arrived and began exporting sugar and pineapple

The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire

became a common phrase that referenced the fact that Britain had colonies in every time zone

Life of Colonized people

life in colonies was traumatic and belittling, colonial powers set up dictatorships, racism and paternalism (parent/children) was the acceptable norm, most colonized men were seen as being soft, passive, and feminine, imperial polices contradicted Christian adn enlightenment ideals

how was imperialism bad

it involved the forceful extension of power and control over other territories and peoples, often leading to exploitation, oppression, and the destruction of indigenous cultures and economies

how was industrialization bad

environmental degradation took place, poor working conditions, and social inequalities, leading to overcrowded cities, pollution, and health issues

Take over of India

Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries the Mughal Empire declined, british influence arrived via the British East India Company, large presence and influence in coastal areas, hired indian soldiers (sepoys) to help protect its operations, throughout the early 19th century, the BEIC became increasingly powerful

Sepoy rebellion

mutiny by the sepoys over lack of British insensitivity toward their culture, pork fat used to seal ammunition, Britain crushed the revolt and established direct rule

Indian National Congress

created by British educated Indians to address issues between two countries, indian nationalism and self-determination became its focus, adopted the views of Ram Mohan Roy the “father of modern India” (encouraged education, banning child marriage and sati)

Congo Free State

African region used by King Leopold of Belgium as a source of rubber, Africans were maimed (randomly) everyday by having their hands cut off, up to 8 million Africans died there working for him

Ethnic Enclaves

what migrants set up in the different areas of the world where they moved (chinatown, little italy)

Opium wars

British ships attack China and show how far behind China’s military was, started when British merchants rebelled against Chinese authorities

Taiping Rebellion

Revolutionary attempt to take land, redistribute it to peasants, develop free public education and end foot binding, the qing army kills 30 million of the peasants

Self-Strengthing Movement

The qing government’s attempt to modernize China, the goal was to adopt Western tech, military techniques, industrialization, and education while keeping confucian values and other cultural traditions, refused to change political structure, was a major failure because of the resistance to change and sabotage by imperial influence

Boxer rebellion

emperor’s sister who supported a violent anti-foreign group called the “Boxers”, they were defeated by a European U.S. and Japanese military alliance

Suez Canal

Constructed by Egypt but sold to Britain and France when Egypt’s government spent too much money