Learning Psych chap 6

learning

Permanent change in behavior that is the result of experience

Classical Conditioning

learning in which stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

Ivan Pavlov

(og a physiologist) the first to discover classical condition through his research on dogs - finding the amount of saliva prod.

by the dog in response to food over time the dog salivated when he saw the empty food bowl or footsteps

dog automatically associated it with food

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

In Pavlov case: dog food

Unconditioned response (UCR)

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

In Pavlov case: Dog salivating

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

In Pavlov case: the bell ringing

Conditioned response (CR)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

In Pavlov case: dog salivating when hearing the bell

Higher-order conditioning

AKA second order conditioning uses a conditional stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

Ex: When feeding your cat instead of just getting excited of hearing the can open she also gets excited (from a secondary source) by the cabinet too

Example other than food small electrical shock

unconditioned stimulus (CS)

Example other than food elicits discomfort

unconditioned response (UR)

Example other than food when the shock (UCS) and edge of the yard (UCR)

dog associates the discomfort w/ the edge of the yard (CS) and stays within the set boundaries

eating to much cotton candy

unconditioned stimulus

getting and sick and throwing up

unconditioned response

sugary flavor

conditioned stimulus

Harry feeling nauseous at the taste of sugar

conditioned response

Extinction

decreased in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

Learned Helplessness

tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation bc of history of repeated failure in the past. Organism concludes that aversive or unpleasant stimuli can’t be avoided

stimulus discrimination

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

operant conditioning

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

law of effect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant will be discouraged

positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior

negative reinforcement

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop behavior

shaping

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

primary reinforcer

has innate reinforcing qualities (food, water, shelter)

secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (money, gold stars, poker chips)

continuous reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

Example getting your paycheck every Fridays

Variable internval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

Example: waiting for a test message reply

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

set number of response must occur before a behavior is rewarded

ex: Starbucks tells you, you need 20 more points for a free drink

radical behaviorism

staunch form of behaviorism developed by B.F. Skinner the suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations ( basically determined by environmental factors)

Cognitive map

mental picture of the layout of the environment

latent learning

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

observational learning

type of learning that occurs by watching others

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the models behavior

vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punishment, making the observer less likely to imitate the models behavior

neutral stimulus

stimuli that elicit no response from a subject

variable ratio

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

example: instagram likes/slot machines