27. "I would like to see the baby"

What is an important reason why we will need to know about pregnancy detection in production management?

-for management issue- controlled breeding season, repeat breeders

In dairy small ruminants, there is a transitional period. What is produced by the dam during this period?

colostrum

What are the FOUR cardinal signs of pregnancy?

- amnionic slip

- chorioallatoic membrane slip (on rectal palp)

- placentomes

- fetus

What species has oblong/circular placentomes?

cattle

What species has C shaped placentomes?

sheep and goats

T/F You can use observation, physical exam, or diagnostics to detect if there is a pregnancy

True

What are FOUR observations that can be made for diagnosis of pregnancy?

- abdominal contour

- mammary development

- Springing

- Failure to return to estrus

Where does the abdominal contour begin when a small ruminant is pregnant?

Why?

lower right abdomen- this is where the uterus lie (because the rumen is on the left side)

T/F If you us mammary development to determine pregnancy, you need to be aware that there is false positives

True

What are TWO things that can cause the mammary gland to develop that is NOT pregnancy?

- inappropriate lactation syndrom

-pseudopregnancy

What can lead using Springing for pregnancy diagnosis to be misleading?

fat deposition

What TWO species can you use rectal palpation on to determine pregnancy?

- Cattle

• Large camelids

What technique can be used to determined if small animals or small ruminants are pregnant?

Ballottement in the lower right quadrant/flank

What is Dr. Water's preferred method of ballottement?

Midline just cranial to udder

What are the THREE avaliable diagnostic devices that can be used for pregnancy?

• Ultrasound

• Radiographs

• Hormone/enzyme assay

What are the THREE types of ultrasound?

• A mode

• B mode

• Doppler

What ultrasound is the simplest because it uses a single transducer that scans a line through the tissues with the echoes plotted on the screen as a function of depth and detect fluid filled organs (10-20 cm depth)?

A mode

What can cause a false positive with an A mode U/S? (2)

•Hydrometra or pyometra

• Urinary Bladder

What can cause a false negative with the A mode U/S? Why?

Late gestation- Fluid in uterus has diminished relative to the size of the fetus

What A mode U/S has intermittent beep when sufficient skin contact

occurs but needs oil, alcohol, or lube and continues to beep when pregnancy is detected?

Preg tone®

What are TWO reasons that the A mode U/S is beneficial?

- rapid

- inexpensive

What animal is the A mode U/S most commonly used in?

swine

What U/S produced a 2D image using a 3.5-5 MHz probe that is done transrectal or transabdominal?

B mode

What are the TWO structures that doppler is useful for observing>

• Middle uterine artery

• Umbilical arteries

What is the length of estrous in the sheep?

17 days

What is the gestation length in the sheep?

147 days

What maintains the early pregnancy in the sheep?

CL

What maintains the later pregnancy in the sheep? What are the days that this structure takes over?

Placental progesterone, Day 55-75

What is the placentation in the sheep/goat?

Cotyledonary, epitheliochorial

What is the maternal recognition of pregnancy hormone in sheep/goat?

Interferon Tau

What is the length of estrous in the goat?

21 days

What is the length of gestation in the goat?

150 days

When in the pregnancy can you use the transrectal U/S to diagnose pregnancy?

day 20-40

When in the small ruminant does the uterus fall over the pelvic brim?

day 50-60

T/F The transrectal could give you a false negative later in gestation

True

What anatomical structure can you identify to help you find the uterus?

bladder

What diagnostic can be used the second half of gestation that could be beneficial?

doppler

How far along does the small ruminant need to be to use transabdominal U/S for pregnancy dx?

> 30 days gestation

When can you transabdominal to assess the number of fetuses present?

day 45-60

T/F You need to clip the fiber/wool for the transabdominal U/S

True

How do you ID where the uterus will be for the transabdominal U/S?

Aim toward opposite hip→ identify bladder→ uterus

cranial to bladder (early pregnancy

C shaped placentomes point (concave) (away from/toward) fetus

toward

What can give you a false positive on U/S? (2)

• Hydrometra

• Bladder

What can give you a false negative on U/S? (1)

too early (be sure to recheck)

fetal aging?

fyi i think

How far along does the dam need to be to be able to fetal age?

55-75 days gestation

How do you fetal age?

Visualizing the genital tubercle

Which genital tubercle do you look for first?

male ( migrate cranially just caudal to the umbilicus- penis and prepuce)

When are the fetal skeleton visiable on RADS?

Day 58 post-breeding

When are the fetal skeletons radiopaque?

Day 65

When is the best time to use RADS to avoid false negatives?

> 90 days

T/F If u/s not available.. you can use radiographs to confirm no other fetus present for dystocia

True

What are THREE ways that a teaser ram/buck is used/made?

• Lack or presence of marker

• Epididymized/Vasectomized

• Translocation of penis

What is the #1 signs that the small ruminant has failed to return to estrus?

standing to be mounted

T/F Goats show more signs of heat than sheep

True

What are some other signs that the small ruminant has failed to return to estrus? (3)

• Flagging of tail

• Vocalization

• Respond to buck rag/seek out male

When is Abdominal Ballottement more accurate for diagnosing a pregnancy?

later in pregnancy

Where do you preform Abdominal Ballottement at?

Lower right quadrant of abdomen

What can cause a false positive with ballottement?

Ventral sac of the rumen

What are TWO things that can cause false negatives?

• Fetus not large enough to be balloted

• Inexperience

What is the best use of progesterone in small ruminants?

used to determine that the animal is NOT pregnant

If the P4 is below what range later in the cycle of the goat/ewe dictates that the animal is NOT pregnant?

If the ewe is

18-19 days

If the doe is

19-21 days

T/F If P4 is >1-2 ng/ml indicate functional CL tissue

True

What are the samples you need to be able to test for P4?

milk or serum (serum us more accurate)

What TWO instances can cause false positives?

• Pseudopregnancy

• Persistent CL

What is the hormonal assay that is produced by the feto-placental unit that is seen in urine serum, milk > 50 days gestation?

Estrone Sulfate

T/F Estrone Sulfate is NOT positive with a pseudopregnancy!

True ( this is bolded)

If there is a positive result with estrone sulfate, what does this indicate?

there is a fetus

What are TWO instances that estrone sulfate can cause a false negative?

• < 50 days gestation

• Hemolyzed sample (if serum)

What is the hormone that is produced by binucleated cells of the placenta and can be test > 30 days post breeding?

Pregnancy Specific Protein B

What can cause a false positive with Pregnancy Specific Protein B?

- Early postpartum (Lactating animals)

What can cause a false negative with Pregnancy Specific Protein B?

< 30 days post breeding sample collection

What is the normal estrous in swine?

21 days

What is the gestation length in swine?

114 days (3 month, 3 weeks, 3 days)

What is maintaining the pregnancy in swine?

Cl dependent entire time

What type of placentation do swine have?

Diffuse villous, epitheliochorial

T/F The maternal recognition of swine is not completely known

True

How many piglets per horn in production need to be present for her to maintain the pregnancy?

2/horn

What are the FOUR ways to diagnose pregnancy in swine?

• Ultrasonography

• Radiographs

• Failure to return to estrus

• Hormone/Protein assays

T/F The A mode U/S is transabdominal and is best if the swine are > 30-35 day gestation due to the high false positive rate

True

What day in the gestation can you ultrasound with the B mde and be fairly successful?

> 21-25 day post mating

When can you use the Transabdominal 3.5 mHz B mode U/S to diagnose pregnancy?

Day 24

What can cause a false postive on B mode U/S in swine?

Mucometra (also pyo)

What can casue a false negative on B mode U/S?

Too early (< 22 days) in

gestation

When can you run a progesterone assay on swine? What range tells you if she not pregnant? Pregnant?

• 16-24 days post breeding

• If not pregnant < 6 ng/ml

• Pregnant→ ~ 30ng/ml

T/F > 6 ng/ml of P4 is needed to maintain pregnancy

True

When can you use estrone sulfate in swine to detect pregnancy? What samples can you use?

• Days 24-28 post breeding

• Blood or feces

What is the normal estrous cycle length in the camelid?

induced ovulators

Llama: 19-20 days

Alpaca: 9-17 days

What is the gestation length of alpaca and llama?

Llama: 335-360 days

Alpaca: 327-346 days

What maintains the pregnancy of alpaca and llamas?

CL dependent entire pregnancy

What is the placentation in camelids?

Diffuse, microcotyledonary,

epitheliochorial

T/F We dont know what the maternal recognition is in camelids bc theyre weird :/

True

If a camelid has twins, what happens?

death

What does the term "spitting off the male" mean in regards to camelids?

she is not receptive to the male

What days can you test spitting off in camelids?

Test at day 7 and 14 post breeding

How much progesterone needs to be present for her to spit at the male?

> 2 ng/mL

What does the camelid do if she is receptive?

Cush position

When is the earliest you can do a transrectal U/S?

14 days