Chapter 12 DNA Vocab for Quiz

Chromatin

DNA and histone proteins tightly wound together.

Base Pairs

Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.

DNA

Nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose.

mRNA

RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell.

rRNA

Type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosome.

tRNA

Type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosome during protein synthesis.

Adenine

Nitrogen base that only pairs with Thymine.

Guanine

Nitrogen base that only pairs with Cytosine.

Cytosine

Nitrogen base that only pairs with Guanine.

Thymine

Nitrogen base that only pairs with Adenine.

Uracil

Nitrogen base found only in RNA that only pairs with Adenine.

Histones

proteins that have DNA wrapped around them, so chromosomes can form.

Transcription

Process in which part of the nucleotides sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA.

Translation

Decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain.

Amino Acids

Compound with an amino acid group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end.

Cytoplasm

where protein synthesis takes place.

Nucleus

Transcription takes place.

Codon

Three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid.

ATA

codon in DNA

UAU

mRNA codon, codes for Tyrosine

CGA

codes for Arginine

Point Mutation

Mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another.

Frame shift Mutation

Insertion or deletion of a single nitrogen base, which shifts all other codons.

Point Mutation Substitution

one nitrogen base is substituted for another, such as A for a T.

Point Mutation Insertion

One nitrogen base is inserted into the DNA sequence causing a frame shift for all following codons.

Point Mutation Insertion Example

normal = /ATA/GGC - GAT/AGG/C

Point Mutation Deletion

One nitrogen base is deleted from the DNA sequence causing a frame shift for all following codons.

Point Mutation Deletion Example

normal = /ATA/GGC/ - AAG/GC

Codon Mutation

One codon is inserted or deleted into DNA sequence, but all other codons maintained.

Codon Mutation Example.

normal = /ATA/GGC/ - /ATA/CCC/GGC

Chromosomal Mutation

change in the number or structure of a chromosome

Chromosomal Mutation Deletion

Part of a chromosome is completely deleted from the chromosome.

Chromosomal Mutation of Deletion Example

normal = ABC DEFGHI - AB DEFGHI

Chromosomal Mutation of Duplication Example

normal = ABC DEFGHI - ABBC DEFGHI

Chromosomal Mutation Duplication

Part of the chromosome is duplicated, adding to the chromosome

Chromosomal Mutation Inversion

When part of the chromosome becomes disoriented in the chromosomal order.

Chromosomal Mutation of Inversion Example

normal = ABC DEFGHI - CBA DEFGHI

Chromosomal Mutation of Translocation

When two homologous chromosomes swap parts.

Chromosomal Mutation of Translocation Example

normal = ABC DEFGHI - ABC OPQRS

LMN OPQRS - LMN DEFGHI

Purines

Adenine and Guaunine