Fertility Flashcards

Flashcards about Fertility

What is Fertility?

The number of live births occurring within a population in a given year per 1000 women or per woman. It is the actual reproductive performance of women in a population.

What is Fecundity?

The physiological capacity to reproduce. Very difficult to measure.

What is considered infertility?

A couple who have tried unsuccessfully for at least 12 months to conceive a child is usually called infertile or infecund. Impaired fertility: If a woman believes that it is impossible for her to have a child; If the physician has told her not to become pregnant because the pregnancy would pose a health risk to her or the baby; Have been having sex continuously for at least 36 months, not using any for of contraception, but has not gotten pregnant

Where are infertility rates highest?

Sub-Saharan Africa

What is Primary Infertility?

Childlessness due to either the inability to conceive or to carry a pregnancy to a live birth

What is Secondary Infertility?

Inability to bear a child following birth of at least one child

What is Infecundity?

Biological inability to become pregnant (in spite of exposure to risk of pregnancy)

What is Sterility?

Biological inability to become pregnant/ produce a live birth

What are Acquired causes of Infertility?

Infections (e.g., chlamydia, gonorrhea -> PID), Environmental toxins, Occupational hazards exposure

What are Core causes of Infertility?

Congenital (e.g., varicocele), Chromosomal, Endocrinological

When does the fertility curve peak?

Mid 20s

What causes Population Size to Continue to Grow Even as Fertility Rates Decline?

Above replacement level fertility, Declining mortality, Net migration, Age structure or 'population momentum'

What is Natural fertility?

The level of reproduction that can exist in the absence of deliberate birth control

What are Problems in measuring fertility?

Time period to use: a calendar year of longer; Do we use males or females or both as our denominator when calculating fertility rates; Do we use events (births) or confinements (pregnancy); Single births or multiple births: 1 in 80 births are twins ; Still births or live births

What is General fertility rate?

Gives us the total number of live births in a given year per 1000 women in their reproductive ages. cal: total live births X1000 / total women 15-49 yrs Note : GFR= CBR * 4.5

What are Age-specific fertility rates(ASFRS)?

Tells us the number of children born to ever 1000 women in a specific 5 year age group. Age-specific fertility rates are calculated for the 7 age groups in the reproductive span. Cal: # births of women age 15-19 x 1000 / #women age 15-19 years. Tells us the age group with the highest fertility rates

What is Total fertility Rate?

This is the average number of children a woman or ( group of women) would have during their lifetime if they if she passed through her reproductive years conforming to the ASFRs in a given year. It is a measure of the complete family size

What is Replacement level fertility?

A total fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman. Replacement level fertility is achieved when a woman has enough children to replace herself and her spouse in the population. If mortality rates are high a woman may need to have more than 2.1 children in order to achieve replacement fertility.

What are the Fertility rates for the following regions: World, Developing countries, Developed countries, Africa, Latin America and Caribbean , Asia, North America, Europe, Oceania

World 2.5, Developing countries 2.6, Developed countries 1.6, Africa 4.8, Latin America and Caribbean 2.2, Asia 2.2, North America 1.9, Europe 1.6, Oceania 2.4

What is Adolescent birth rate?

Age-specific fertility rate for women age 15-19

What are Proximate determinants/intermediate fertility variables?

The biological and behavioural factors through which socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental variables affect fertility

How are Fertility rates controlled?

Through 3 main variables – Factors affecting exposure to intercourse ,Factors governing exposure to conception , Factors affecting gestation and successful parturition

What are Factors affecting exposure to intercourse?

Age of entry into sexual unions, Permanent celibacy, Amount of time spent in unions, Voluntary abstinence ( periods of celibacy, moral restraint), Involuntary abstinence( illness, impotence), Coital frequency ( regularity of sexual intercourse)

What are Factors governing exposure to conception?

Fecundity and infecundity as affected by involuntary causes, includes breast- feeding, Child birth is followed by 1 to 2 months of temporary sterility called postpartum amenorrhea Use or nonuse of contraception

What are Factors affecting gestation and successful parturition?

Fetal mortality from involuntary causes – Miscarriage , Fetal mortality from voluntary causes – Abortion

What does Modernization theory draw on?

The causal relationship between modernization and fertility decline

What does Ideation theory attribute the timing of fertility transition to?

The diffusion of information and new social norms about birth control

What does Current use of contraception mean?

Use during the last 30 days (last month)

What is the definition of Contraceptive Prevalence Rate?

Percentage of (married) women of reproductive age (15-49 yrs) who are currently using a contraceptive method

What are the worldwide contraception usage rates for 2015?

64 per cent of married or in-union women of reproductive age were using some form of contraception

What are the contraception usage rates for the least developed countries for 2015?

40 per cent

What factors are required to solve the population problem in developing countries?

Improving Service delivery, Empowering women to manage their overall health and sexuality, Increased participation by men in reproductive health, Political will and institutional impetus for program changes, Poverty , Education and training of women, Labour market participation

What does The adaptation hypothesis state?

That the fertility transition is accompanied by increase in the extent or amount of fertility control that is already practiced by a more limited proportion of the population, rather than by the innovation of a new behavior

What is ne of the Emphases of the neoclassical microeconomic theory?

Three proximate determinants of couples' fertility choices: the relative costs of children versus other goods, the couple's income , and their preferences for children versus competing forms of consumption

What framework elaborates the microeconomic fertility model by adding to it a sociological variable, the supply of children?

Easterlin's framework

What does the innovation hypothesis suggest?

That the diffusion of innovations in knowledge of, attitudes towards and behavioral changes in fertility is impeded by the existence of cultural and linguistic boundaries (literacy levels)

What does the adaptation hypothesis maintain?

That the fertility transition is accompanied by increase in the extent or amount of fertility control that is already practiced by a more limited proportion of the population, rather than by the innovation of a new behavior

What does Economic framework Emphasizes?

Three proximate determinants of couples' fertility choices: the relative costs of children versus other goods, the couple's income and their preferences for children versus competing forms of consumption

What Captures the flow of intergenerational resources within both traditional and modern societies?

Wealth flow Hypothesis

Fertility decline - a consequence of?

of agricultural mechanization which reduce utility for child labour, Women’s entry into labour market increased the cost of mother's time, Universal education increase the cost of parental investment

What are Easterlin's framework's three proximate determinants?

the supply of children, the demand for children, costs of fertility regulation

What are Coale's three preconditions to significant fertility decline?

the acceptance of calculated choice, the perception of advantages from reduced fertility, knowledge and mastery of effective techniques of control

What are the Two major points of view of Increase in Contraceptive Use?

Supply side factors and Demand side factors