1-Neoplasms I

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Tumor

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Swelling

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Neoplasia

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New uncontrolled growth

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66 Terms

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Tumor

Swelling

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Neoplasia

New uncontrolled growth

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Neoplasia - Clonal

Comes from one altered cell

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Benign tumor

Does not lead to death

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Malignant tumor

Leads to death or destruction

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Malignancy - Key ability

Local invasion due to mutations

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Cancer

Another word for malignant neoplasm

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Carcinoma

Epithelial malignant neoplasm

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Sarcoma

Mesenchymal malignant neoplasm

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Leukemia

Malignancy of hematopoietic (blood) cells

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Carcinosarcoma

Malignancy of both mesenchymal and epithelial origin

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Blastoma

Tumor of undifferentiated cells

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Leiomyoma

Benign mesenchymal muscle neoplasm

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Leiomyosarcoma

Malignant mesenchymal muscle neoplasm

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Squamous cell papilloma

Benign stratified squamous epithelial neoplasm

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Squamous cell carcinoma

Malignant stratified squamous epithelial neoplasm

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Keratin pearls

Histologic sign of squamous cell carcinoma

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Basal cell carcinoma

Malignant neoplasm from basal cells of skin/adnexa

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Adenoma

Benign neoplasm of glandular epithelium

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Adenocarcinoma

Malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelium

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Hepatic adenoma

Benign liver cell neoplasm

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (Hepatoma)

Malignant liver cell neoplasm

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Melanocytic nevus

Benign melanocyte tumor

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Malignant melanoma

Malignant melanocyte tumor

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Tubular adenoma

More columnar appearance; future malignant potential

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Villous adenoma

Finger-like projections; future malignant potential

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Mixed tumors

Neoplasms with more than one neoplastic tissue type from one germ cell layer

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Pleomorphic adenoma

Benign mixed tumor of salivary glands

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Malignant mixed tumor

Malignant mixed tumor of salivary glands

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Wilms tumor (Nephroblastoma)

Malignant renal anlage tumor

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Teratogenous tumors

Derived from more than one germ cell layer

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Totipotential cells

Located in gonads or embryonic rests; origin of teratomas

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Mature teratoma

Benign tumor with all mature tissue types

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Immature teratoma

Malignant tumor with immature/blastemal tissue (e.g., cartilage, neural tissue)

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Dermoid cyst

Mature cystic teratoma of ovary (benign)

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Monodermal teratoma

Contains a single tissue type (e.g., struma ovarii with thyroid follicles)

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Teratocarcinoma

Malignant teratoma (carcinoma, sarcoma, or germ cell malignancy)

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Teratoma origin

Totipotent germ cells → tissues from ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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Common teratoma sites

Ovary, testis, midline of body

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Anaplasia

Decreased differentiation (de-differentiation)

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Tumor differentiation types

Well, moderate, poor, or undifferentiated

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Benign tumors

Usually well-differentiated

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Malignant tumors

Can be any differentiation level

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Pleomorphism

Variation in tumor cell appearance

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Loss of polarity

Tumor cells lose alignment with each other or basement membrane

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Metastasis

Spread of neoplastic growth to distant site

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Pleomorphism (Anaplastic cell feature)

Variation in shape, size, and nuclei

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Abnormal nuclear morphology

Dark, irregular, lumpy nuclei

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Increased mitotic activity

Atypical mitoses observed

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Loss of polarity (Anaplastic feature)

Disruption of normal cellular orientation

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Hyperplasia

Increase in cell number

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Hyperplasia examples

Eosinophilic esophagitis (rings/furrows), endometrial hyperplasia

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Metaplasia

Reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type by another

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Metaplasia mechanism

Adaptation to stress (e.g., Barrett esophagus)

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Metaplasia risk

May progress to dysplasia if irritant persists

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Dysplasia

Disordered pre-cancerous growth, not adaptive

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Dysplasia features

Increased N:C ratios, clumped chromatin

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Dysplasia reversibility

Possibly reversible if irritant removed

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Carcinoma in situ (CIS)

Severe dysplasia with full thickness involvement, no invasion

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Normal squamous epithelium

Baseline

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Low grade/Mild dysplasia

Slightly increased N:C ratio

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High grade/Moderate dysplasia

Increased N:C and disorganization

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High grade/Severe dysplasia or CIS

No polarity, very high N:C ratio

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CIS key trait

Abnormal cells fill epithelium but don’t breach basement membrane

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CIS significance

Not invasive cancer, but may metastasize if it progresses

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Malignant tumors

Invade tissue, metastasize, not fully/partially encapsulated