Lymphatic system

Trabeculae

________- extend from the capsule dividing the node into compartments.

Stomach

________ mucosa- secretes hydrochloric acid (HCI) and has protein digesting enzymes.

Saliva

________ and lacrimal fluid- contain lysozymes (enzymes that destroy bacteria)

Lymphatic vessels

________- one way system toward the heart.

Nonspecific

________ (innate) body defenses- skin and mucous membranes, stomach mucosa, saliva and lacrimal fluid.

Sebum

________ is toxic to bacteria.

Lymph

________- excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels, this fluid was pushed out of the capillary beds and into tissue spaces.

Hypothalamus heat regulation

________ can be reset by pyrogens- secreted by white blood cells especially macrophages that have been exposed to pathogens.

Lymph node structure

________- fibrous capsule, trabeculae, cortex, follicles, germinal centers, plasma cells, medulla.

Cortex

________- outer part, contains follicles with dark centers called germinal centers that enlarge when generating plasma cells which release antibodies, rest of cortex contains T- cells that continuously circulate between blood, lymph nodes, lymphatic stream performing their surveillance role.

Fibrous capsule

________- surrounds the lymph node.

Specific

________ (adaptive) defense system- immune response is the immune systems response to a threat, much slower than non specific system.

Active immunity

________- naturally acquired, artificially acquired from vaccines.

Macrophages

________- help lymphocytes,"big eaters "that engulf any foreign particles (arise for monocytes and become widely distributed in lymphoid organs, secrete cytokines, tend to remain foxed in the lymphoid organs, antigen presenters, some become "killer macrophages "when activated by a chemical form T cells and become insatiable phagocytes.

Lymph

excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels, this fluid was pushed out of the capillary beds and into tissue spaces

Lymphatic vessels

one way system toward the heart

Lymph moves toward the heart only

a. milking action of skeletal muscle

b. rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls c. respiratory pump

pressure changes within the thorax

Lymph node structure

fibrous capsule, trabeculae, cortex, follicles, germinal centers, plasma cells, medulla

Fibrous capsule

surrounds the lymph node

trabeculae

extend from the capsule dividing the node into compartments

Cortex

outer part, contains follicles with dark centers called germinal centers that enlarge when generating plasma cells which release antibodies, rest of cortex contains T-cells that continuously circulate between blood, lymph nodes, lymphatic stream performing their surveillance role

Medulla

inner part, contains phagocytic macrophages

Several other organs contribute to lymphatic function

spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, peyers patches

Nonspecific (innate) body defenses

skin and mucous membranes, stomach mucosa, saliva and lacrimal fluid

stomach mucosa

secretes hydrochloric acid (HCI) and has protein digesting enzymes

saliva and lacrimal fluid

contain lysozymes (enzymes that destroy bacteria)

Cells and chemicals (second line of defense)

phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammatory response, antimicrobial proteins, interferon, fever

four most common indicators of acute inflammation

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

Hypothalamus heat regulation can be reset by pyrogens

secreted by white blood cells especially macrophages that have been exposed to pathogens

Specific (adaptive) defense system

immune response is the immune systems response to a threat, much slower than non specific system

Macrophages

help lymphocytes, "big eaters" that engulf any foreign particles (arise for monocytes and become widely distributed in lymphoid organs, secrete cytokines, tend to remain foxed in the lymphoid organs, antigen presenters, some become "killer macrophages" when activated by a chemical form T cells and become insatiable phagocytes

Active immunity

naturally acquired, artificially acquired from vaccines

Passive immunity

conferred naturally from a mother to her fetus, conferred artificially from immune serum or gamma globulin (anti toxin, anti venom)

Antibody classes

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE