Registry Review Exam 1

What are the 2 types of communication?

Verbal and nonverbal

What are examples of verbal communication

Vocabulary, tone of speech, rate of speech, humor

What are examples of nonverbal communication

Personal appearance, facial expression, touch, eye contact, body language

For patient identification, use at least __ approved identifiers

2

T/F When identifying a patient, it is acceptable to use their room number, bed number, or diagnosis as an identifier

F

Persons’ self-reliance, independence, liberty, rights, privacy, individual choice, freedom of the will, and self-contained ability to decide

Autonomy

Consent must be __ and __

Voluntary, informed

What are the 2 types of consent

Express and implied

Specific permission of consent, may be written or verbal

Express consent

Permission for consent inferred from the patients actions

Implied consent

What is written or verbal consent determined by?

Risk (high risk needs written consent and low risk needs verbal consent)

A patient presenting their arm for routine BP measurement is what type of consent?

Implied consent

Patients’ rights can be exercised on the patient’s behalf by a designated surrogate if the patient: (3 reasons)

Lacks decision-making capability, is legally incompetent, or is a minor

Legal and ethical issues can be avoided by an __ or _ which can include specifics on DNR, DNI, or other end of life decisions

Advanced directive, living will

Violation of civil law, civil justice

Tort

Threat of unwanted contact

Assault

Unauthorized physical contact

Battery

Unjustified restraint of a person

False imprisonment

Failure to use reasonable care

Negligence

Professional negligence

Malpractice

Written defamation

Libel

Spoken defamation

Slander

Manipulation of electronic data that is ethically wrong and legally questionable

Fraud

Documentation of a patient’s clinical history should be __ (objective or subjective)

Objective

Data perceptible to the senses (seen, heard, felt)

Objective data

What are examples of objective data

Vital signs, reports

Data perceived by the affected individual (patients’ emotions and experiences, such as pain and its severity)

Subjective data

What is an example of subjective data

How bad something itches

What are the sacred 7

Localization, chronology, quality, severity, onset, aggravating or alleviating factors, associated manifestations

What are the 7 identifiers

Patient name, patient DOB, introduce yourself, explain procedure, any metal, chance of pregnancy, patient history

What is a pathogen

An infectious organism

Place where organisms can thrive, a growth medium; includes humans, animals, and the environment

Reservoir of infection

Any avenue available to exit the body; usually corresponds with the area where the pathogen is located

Portal of exit

Route taken by pathogens from reservoir to susceptible host; direct or indirect

Mode of transportation

Any avenue available to enter the body; often the same portal used to exit the host

Portal of entry

Person at risk for infection is called

Susceptible host

What type of contact is this? The infected person touches the susceptible host, allowing the infectious organisms to come in contact with susceptible tissues

Direct contact

An object that has been in contact with pathogens comes in contact with susceptible tissues

Fomite

An organism transmits an infection from its body to a human (ex. mosquitoes)

Vector

Anything contaminated that can transport microorganisms (ex. food, blood, water)

Vehicle

Transmitted primarily by coughs, sneezes, or other methods of spraying onto a nearby host

Droplet transmission

Droplets and dust that are able to remain suspended in air for extended periods of time

Airborne transmission

What is the first tier of transmission-based isolation precautions, this is a system that uses barriers to prevent contact with blood, all body fluids, nonintact skin, and mucous membranes

Standard precautions

T/F Standard precautions assumed all body fluids are sources of infection and that all patients are infected

T

What is the single most important means of preventing the spread of infection

Handwashing

To achieve proper hand hygiene, use alcohol-based hand sanitizer for __ seconds, or use conventional handwashing for 30-60 seconds

15

__ describes a product or method that is free of microbiological organisms

Aseptic

__ means microorganisms have been eliminated as much as possible

Medical asepsis

Causative agents, microorganisms capable of producing disease

Pathogens

__ is a practice that retards the growth of pathogenic microorganisms

Antisepsis

The practice of __ reduces the likelihood of transferring pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria) to a vulnerable individual

Medical asepsis

The destruction of pathogens by using chemical materials is termed

Disinfection

__ refers to the removal of all microorganisms and their spores and is practiced in the surgical suite

Surgical asepsis (sterilization)

Health care practitioners must practice __ at all times

Medical asepsis

Aseptic, free of living microorganisms

Sterile

An __ is a situation in which the condition of a patient or a sudden change in medical status requires immediate action

Emergency

A relative constancy in the internal environment of the body that is naturally maintained by adaptive responses that promote healthy survival

Homeostasis

What are the primary mechanisms that maintain homeostasis

Heartbeat, BP, body temperature, respiratory rate, electrolyte balance

Blood pressure is measured with what

A sphygmomanometer

Measurement of the pumping action of the heart (contraction)

Systolic

Measurement of the heart at rest (relaxation)

Diastolic

Average normal adult systolic blood pressure is __

90-120 mm Hg

Average normal diastolic blood pressure is __

60-80 mm Hg

Hypertension is elevated BP with pressure greater than __ mm Hg

140/90

Hypotension is low BP, with systolic pressure below __ mm Hg

90 mm Hg

BP changes associated with position change is called

Orthostatic hypotension

Cessation of spontaneous ventilation

Apnea

Abnormal slowness of breathing

Bradypnea

A rapid rate of breathing

Tachypnea

Difficult or labored breathing

Dyspnea

Decreased oxygen tension (concentration) in the blood

Hypoxemia

Reduction of oxygen supply to the tissue

Hypoxia

Difficulty breathing except when sitting up or standing erect

Orthopnea

Photoelectric device used for determining the oxygen saturation of the blood

Pulse oximeter

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled during one respiratory cycle

Tidal volume

Mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs

Ventilation

What does LOC mean

Level of consciousness

Self-correcting, temporary state of shock and the result of lack of blood flow to the brain

Syncope

__ is often a precursor to syncope

Vertigo

Unsystematic discharge of neurons of the cerebrum that results in an abrupt alteration in brain function

Seizure

What are the 3 steps a healthcare worker should take to maintain patient safety during a seizure

Stay with the patient, lay them down and support their head, turn them onto their side to prevent choking or blocking of the airway

A __ contrast reaction includes symptoms like warmth, nausea, mild itching, limited urticaria

Mild

A __ contrast reaction includes symptoms such as more extensive urticaria, vomiting, bronchospasm, more significant symptoms

Moderate

A __ contrast reaction includes symptoms such as airway compromise, severe bronchospasm, hypotension, shock, and cardiac arrest

Severe

What type of contrast reaction is this? Often associated with fear, pain, needle, or procedures; pallor, sweating, hypotension, syncope may occur

Vasovagal

What type of contrast reaction is this? Airway, breathing, circulation compromise; wheezing, airway swelling, hives, hypotension may occur

Anaphylaxis

T/F A heart attack is different from cardiac arrest, but a heart attack can sometimes lead to cardiac arrest

T

What is the acronym used for when a patient goes into cardiac arrest and what does it stand for

CAB

C- circulation (pulse, perfusion, and bleeding)
A- airway

B- breathing

Before giving CPR, spend no more than __ seconds checking for a pulse

10

__ is a condition that exists at any point a patient stops breathing or is breathing ineffectively

Respiratory arrest

If a patient is choking and the Heimlich maneuver is unsuccessful, what should you do

Begin CPR to force the obstruction up

What type of shock is caused by loss of blood or tissue fluid

Hypovolemic shock

What type of shock results from cardiac failure or other interference with heart function

Cardiogenic shock

What type of shock occurs when toxins produced during massive infection cause a dramatic decrease in BP

Septic shock

What type of shock is caused by spinal anesthesia or damage to the upper spinal cord

Neurogenic shock

What type of shock is caused by sepsis, deep anesthesia, or anaphylaxis

Vasogenic shock

What type of shock is an allergic reaction to foreign proteins after injections and is caused by extremely low pressure, dyspnea, and possible death

Allergic shock (anaphylaxis)