1M: Bag Technique and Urine Testing (Part 2)

urine

A liquid waste produced by the kidneys and eliminated from the body through the urinary system.

urine

mainly composed of water content, such as urea, as well as creatinine and other metabolic waste components

urine testing / urinalysis

the examination of urine to obtain information about a person’s health and identify possible disease conditions

• urinary tract infection

• kidney disease

• diabetes

disease conditions that can be identified using urinalysis

enuresis

Involuntary urination, especially bed-wetting during sleep, in a person who is expected to have bladder control

water pills

other name for diuretics

diuretics

medications that help the body remove excess fluid and salt, especially in conditions such as heart failure

ketone bodies

substances produced when the body breaks down fat for energy, especially when glucose is insufficient

hematuria

refers to the presence of blood in the urine

uric acid

A waste product formed when the body breaks down purines from certain foods and drink

detrusor muscle

muscle that is responsible for the control of urination

pale yellow or amber in color

normal color of urine

urochrome

The pigment responsible for the normal color of urine is called

urochrome

produced when heme undergoes degradation in the liver

colorless urine

It may indicate excessive fluid consumption or highly dilute urine. (color)

dark yellow to amber urine

It indicates presence of dehydration or concentrated urine. (color)

pink, red, or brown urine

It indicates blood in urine (hematuria) but certain foods, drugs, and pigments may alter urine color. (color)

clear or transparent

The normal clarity of urine must be

cloudy or turbid urine

It is caused due to the presence of bacteria, white blood cells, pus, and many more substances. (clarity)

1 to 2 liters each day

normal volume of urine in adults

polydipsia

high urine volume

oliguria

low urine volume

anuria

no urine output

4-5 to 8 pH

normal urine pH

1.005 - 1.030

normal specific gravity of urine

proteinuria

High levels of protein in urine

nocturia

waking up in the middle of the night to urinate

dysuria

a condition characterized by pain, discomfort, or burning during urination

urinary retention

refers to difficulty in emptying the bladder completely

frequent urination

when you need to urinate (pee or wee) more than 8 times in a 24-hour period

incontinence

the inability to help yourself from leaking urine

urinary hesitation

refers to not being able to urinate normally, or being unable to start urinating

gross hematuria

which means blood is visible through urine

microscopic hematuria

in this case, blood is detected only through laboratory tests

urinalysis

laboratory examination of urine to assess its physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics

• protein

• glucose

• ketones

• blood

• bacteria

substances that can be detected with urinalysis

visual examination

The urine is checked for its color, clarity, and odor. (examination)

dipstick test

A chemical strip is placed in the urine to detect different substances

pH

shows the acidity of the urine and may indicate kidney or urinary problems

concentration

shows how concentrated the urine is and may be affected by fluid intake

protein

high levels may indicate a kidney problem

glucose and ketones

may indicate diabetes

bilirubin

may indicate liver problems

nitrites and leukocyte esterase

may indicate a urinary tract infection

blood

may indicate infection, kidney or bladder stones, or other conditions

microscopic examination

A concentrated urine sample is examined under a microscope

microscopic examination

It checks for white blood cells, red blood cells, bacteria, yeast, parasites, casts, and crystals

clean-catch or midstream specimen

It is a urine sample collected after cleaning the genital area and allowing the first part of the urine to pass before collecting the middle portion.

sterile technique

A method of collecting urine using sterile equipment and procedures to prevent contamination.

timed urine specimen

A 24-hour urine specimen is a test in which all urine for 24 hours is collected

timed urine specimen

This test often is performed to evaluate kidney function.

first-morning specimen

It is the first urine collected after waking up in the morning.

first-morning specimen

It is usually more concentrated because urine has remained in the bladder for several hours.

random specimen

the most common urine specimen obtained

clinitest

a urine test used to detect reducing substances, especially glucose

acetest

a urine test used to detect ketone bodies

benedict’s test

used to detect simple carbohydrates, particularly reducing sugars such as monosaccharides and some disaccharides