LESSON 1: TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH TYPES OF VARIABLE, AND RESEARCH GAP

RESEARCH

A SYSTEMATIC PROCESS OF COLLECTING, ANALYZING, INTERPRETING INFORMATION DATA IN ORDER TO INCREASE UNDERSTANDING OF A PHENOMENON ABOUT WHICH WE ARE INTERESTED OR CONCERNED

RESEARCH

INDISPENSABLE (ESSENTIAL) COMPONENT OF ACADEMIC AND INDUSTRY PRACTICES

RESEARCH

PROCESS OF FINDING RELIABLE INFORMATION TO ANSWER A QUESTION OR LEARN SOMETHING NEW

HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE, EXPERIMENTAL

TYPES OF METHODS

METHOD

ANSWERS “WHAT DATA WILL BE GATHERED”

E.G. SURVEY INTERVIEW, DOODLING

EXAMPLES OF TECHNIQUE

TECHNIQUE

ANSWERS “HOW WILL DATA BE GATHERED?”

QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, MIXED

TYPES OF APPROACH

APPROACH

ANSWERS “HOW WILL DATA BE PROCESSED”

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

SYSTEMATIC EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF AN OBSERVABLE PHENOMENA THROUGH THE USE OF STATISTICAL, MATHEMATICAL, OR COMPUTATIONAL METHODS

GIVEN, 2008

“SYSTEMATIC EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF AN OBSERVABLE PHENOMENA THROUGH THE USE OF STATISTICAL, MATHEMATICAL, OR COMPUTATIONAL METHODS”

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

AIM IS TO FIND OUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN, ONE VARIABLE TO ANOTHER, WHICH IS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (CAUSE) AND THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE (EFFECT)

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

TYPE OF RESEARCH THAT COLLECTS AND ANALYZES NUMERICAL DATA TO ANSWER QUESTIONS OR TEST RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIABLE

NON-EXPERIMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

NON-EXPERIMEANTAL RESEARCH

ESTABLISHES THE ASSOCIATION OR CONNECTION BETWEEN VAIRBALES

NON-EXPERIMEANTAL RESEARCH

WITHOUT THE MANIPULATION OF VARIBLES

NON-EXPERIMEANTAL RESEARCH

RESEARCHER ONLY OBSERVES OR MEASURES

NON-EXPERIMEANTAL RESEARCH

DOES NOT HAVE EXPERIMENTAL OR CONTROL GROUP

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

ESTABLISHES CAUSALITY AND OFTEN USE WHEN AN INTERVENTION IS BEING STUDIED

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

WITH THE MANIPULATION OF VARIABLES

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

USED TO DETERMINE CAUSE AND EFFECT

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

USUALLY HAS AN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP OR CONTROL GROUP

TRUE AND QUASI EXPERIMENTAL

TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL

RESEARCHER HAS CONTROL OVER THE EXPERIMENT

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL

INVOLVES AN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP AND A CONTROL GROUP THAT MUST HAVE SIMILAR QUALITIES

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP RECEIVES THE INTERVENTION (TREATMENT), AND THE CONTROL GROUP REMAINS UNMANIPULATED

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL

PARTICIPANTS ARE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO GROUP

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL

GIVES STRONGER EVIDENCE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT

QUASI EXPERIMENTAL

DEPENDS ON HOW THE PARTICIPANTS WERE RECRUITED

QUASI EXPERIMENTAL

NO RANDOMIZATION

QUASI EXPERIMENTAL

ESTABLISHES A CAUSE AND EFFECT BY USING CRITERIA

SURVEY, DESCRIPTIVE, CORRELATIONAL, COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

TYPES OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

SURVEY RESEARCH

MOST COMMON METHOD USED FOR QUALITATIVE STUDY

SURVEY RESEARCH

FORM OF QUESTIONNAIRE OR INTERVIEWS

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

METHOD USED TO DESCRIBE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A POPULATION BEING STUDIES

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

ANSWERS “WHAT’S IT LIKE?” OR “WHAT’S HAPPENING?”

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

STUDIES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

LOOKS AT WHETHER CHANGES IN ONE VARIABLE ARE CONNECTED TO CHANGED IN ANOTHER VARIABLE

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

EXAMINES WHETHER TWO THINGS ARE RELATED

COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

BASED ON DESCRIPTIVE DATA, SHOWING THAT A DIFFERENCE EXISTS BUT DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION

COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

STUDIES THE DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN GROUPS

CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL STUDY

TWO TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

TYPE OF SURVEY RESEARCH THAT COLLECTS DATA FROM A POPULATION OR SUBJECT POPULATION THROUGH OBSERVATION, SURVEY, OR INTERVIEW AT A SPECIFIC POINT IN TIME

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

COLLECTS DATA FROM PARTICIPANTS AT ONE POINT IN TIME (ONE SPECIFIC MOMENT)

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

FASTER AND EASIER TO CONDUCT

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

ONE TIME MEASUREMENT

LONGITUDINAL STUDY

TYPE OF SURVEY RESEARCH THAT COLLECTS DATA THROUGH OBSERVATION, SURVEY, OR INTERVIEW OF THE SAME SUBJECTS OVER A PERIOD OF TIME UP AND CAN LAST UP TO SEVERAL YEARS

LONGITUDINAL STUDY

COLLECTS DATA FROM THE SAME PARTICIPANTS OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME

LONGITUDINAL STUDY

TAKES MORE TIME AND RESOURCES

VARIABLES

ANYTHING THAT VARIES

VARIABLE

ANYTHING THAT TAKES ON DIFFERENT VALUES, TYPICALLY NUMERICAL VALUES

VARIABLES

ANYTHING THAT CAN CHANGE OR HAVE DIFFERENT VALUES

VARIABLES

FACTOR OR CHARACTERISTIC THAT RESEARCHERS MEASURE, OBSERVE, OR CHANGE

INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLE

TWO MAJOR TYPES OF VARIABLE

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

VARIABLE THAT’S BEING MANIPULATED BY THE RESEARCHER

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

STABLE AND UNAFFECTED BY THE OTHER VARIABLE

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

CAUSE

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

ASSUMED THE CHANGE BROUGHT BY THE OTHER VARIABLE

DEPENDENT VARIBALE

CHANGES BECAUSE OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE

UNWANTED VARIABLE

EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE

CONFOUNDING VARIABLES BECAUSE THIER PRESENCE INFLUENCES THE OUTCOME OF THE EXPERIMENT IN AN UNDESIRABLE WAY

EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE

ADDS ERROR TO AN EXPERIMENT

EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE

VARIABLE THAT’S NOT INTENTIONALLY STUDIED BUT CAN AFFECT THE RESULTS

EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE

OUTSIDE FACTOR THAT MAY INFLUENCE THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE AND AFFECT THE ACCURACY OF THE RESEARCH RESULTS

EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE

FACTORS RELATED TO THE PHENOMENON UNDER STUDY BUT NOT SPECIFICALLY INCLUDED IN THE RESEARCH

EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE

ANY FACTOR IN A RESEARCH STUDY THAT IS NOT THE MAIN FOCUS BUT COULD UNINTENTIONALLY AFFECT THE STUDY'S RESULTS

RESEARCH GAP

A CLEAR UNANSWERED QUESTION OR PROBLEM IN THE EXISTING RESEARCH

RESEARCH GAP

“MISSING PIECE” YOUR STUDY CAN HELP ADDRESS

RESEARCH GAP

PREVIOUS RESEARCHERS HAVE NOT FULLY STUDIED OR EXPLORED YET

EMPERICAL GAP

TYPE OF GAP WITH CONTRADICTORY (CONFLICTING) FINDINGS

CONCEPTUAL GAP

TYPES OF GAP WITH MISSING VARIABLES

METHODOLOGICAL GAP

TYPE OF GAP WITH WEAK RESEARCH METHODS

DEMOGRAPHIC GAP

TYPE OF GAP WITH UNDERREPRESENTED POPULATIONS

CONTEXTUAL GAP

TYPE OF GAP WITH DIFFERENT CONTEXTS OR INDUSTRIES

TEMPORAL GAP

TYPE OF GAP WITH OUTDATED STUDIES

PRACTICAL GAP

TYPE OF GAP WITH MISSING PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION (TURNING AN IDEA, PLAN, OR THEORY INTO A REAL, WORKING ACTION OR RESULT)

THEORETICAL GAP

TYPE OF GAP WITH WEAK THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

KNOWLEDGE GAP

TYPE OF GAP WITH LIMITED KNOWLEDGE AVAILABLE