APHG REVIEW Fall Final 2024

Economic

Pertains to financial value.

Social

Relates to the organization of human society, ideas, customs, and social behaviors of people.

Political

Relates to the government, public affairs, laws, borders or territories of a country.

Environmental

Describes the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition.

Spatial Analysis

The study of why things are located where they are.

Distance Decay

As distance increases, the intensity of a connection between locations decreases.

Friction of Distance

Distance that causes obstacles or friction in connections.

Human-Environment Interaction (HEI)

How people interact and relate to the physical world through adaptations and modifications.

Environmental Determinism

Theory that landforms and climate shape human behavior and societal development.

Possibilism

Theory that cultures respond to their environment in various ways.

Geographic Scale

The amount of land a map shows, such as global, regional, local.

Local Global Continuum

Interdependencies among different scales where events at one scale can affect events at another scale.

Formal/Uniform Region

Areas with high consistency in common attributes that unify a space.

Functional/Nodal Region

Areas connected by a node, hub, or centerpoint based on movement or communication.

Perceptual/Vernacular Region

Areas grouped by people's beliefs and attitudes that may not have clear boundaries.

Positive Correlation

When two variables work in the same direction.

Negative Correlation

When two variables work in opposite directions.

Quantitative Data

Data that defines numbers, hard statistics.

Qualitative Data

Descriptive data collected through interpretations and interviews.

Choropleth Map

A thematic map using shading to show different levels of data.

Pindot Map

A map using dot symbols to show the presence or quantity of a phenomenon.

Isoline Map

A map using lines to connect points of equal value.

Cartogram

A map that shows electoral votes with larger states representing more electoral votes.

Map Projection

A method of representing the 3D Earth on a 2D surface.

Distortion

Every map has distortions that result from creating a flat representation of a sphere.

Cylindrical Projection

A map projection that maintains the correct size of land masses but distorts shapes.

Conic Projection

Map projection useful for mid-latitudes with curvature but inconsistent directions.

Population Density

The number of people in relation to the space they occupy.

Ecumene

Portion of the Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlements.

Arithmetic Density

The number of people per unit of land.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of arable land.

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land.

Demographic Momentum

The tendency for a population to continue to grow even after birth rates decline.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that defines the stages of population growth and changes.

Pro Natal Policies

Policies encouraging people to have babies to increase population.

Anti Natal Policies

Policies discouraging people from having babies to control population growth.

Emigrant

A person who moves from one country to another.

Immigrant

A person who moves into a new country.

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another.

Acculturation

The process by which a culture is substantially changed through interaction with another culture.

Assimilation

Process by which immigrants become fully integrated into a new culture.

Pidgin Language

A simplified language combining elements of two or more languages.

Creole Language

A stable natural language that has developed from a pidgin.

Ethnic Religion

Religion people are born into.

Universalizing Religion

Religions that seek converts.

Dependency Ratio

A ratio comparing the number of dependents to the working-age population.

Territoriality

A group's control or attachment to a piece of land.

Sovereignty

A state's ability to govern itself without external interference.

Nation-State

A political entity where the population is predominantly from one nation.

Multinational State

A state containing multiple ethnic groups that have their own distinct political status.

Centripetal Force

Forces that unite or pull people together.

Centrifugal Force

Forces that divide or push people away from each other.

Supranational Organization

An organization composed of multiple countries working together.