Clinical: Psychotherapy Research

Eysenck

In 1952, this researcher concluded the effects of psychotherapy are “small or nonexistent” and that improvement was related to “spontaneous remission”

Spontaneous Remission

According to Eysenck (1952), improvement in psychotherapy was related to ___

72, 66, 44

In Eysenck (1952), _% of non-therapy participants improved in 2 years, while _% improved with eclectic therapy and _% improved with psychoanalytic therapy

True

True or False: The work of Eysenck (1952) was challenged based on methodological grounds (e.g., treatment and non-treatment groups not being equal)

Smith, Glass, and Miller

These researchers were the first to use meta-analysis to study psychotherapy outcomes

Meta-Analysis

This is a research approach used to combine the results of multiple studies and involves calculating an effect size

Effect Size

This reflects the difference between average patients in the treatment and control groups in terms of standard deviation units

Control

Effect size is found by subtracting the mean outcome score of the control group from the mean outcome score of the treatment group, then dividing by the standard deviation of the ___ group

Control; Treatment

Effect size is found by subtracting the mean outcome score of the __ group from the mean outcome score of the __ group, then dividing by the standard deviation of the control group

Standard Deviation

The effect size reflects the difference between average patients in the treatment and control groups in terms of ___ units

80

Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) found an effect size of .85 when using meta-analysis to study 475 outcome studies; concluded that the average therapy client is better off than “__% of those who need therapy but remain untreated”

True

True or False: There is no evidence that one type of therapy is overall superior to others

False

True or False: All therapies are equally effective for all disorders, including things like panic disorder, phobias, and compulsions

Common Factors

In psychotherapy research, these include include catharsis, a positive relationship with the therapist, behavioral regulation, and cognitive learning and mastery

Dose-Dependent Effect

Howard et al. (1986) use this to describe that longer duration of treatment generally leads to better outcomes, with outcomes “leveling off” around 26 sessions

26

According to Howard et al. (1986), the relationship between treatment length and outcome “levels off” around __ sessions

Phase Model

Howard et al. used this model to predict that the benefits of treatment vary, depending on the number of sessions

Remoralization

According to Howard et al., this phase of therapy involves a client’s feelings of hopelessness and desperation responding quickly to therapy

Few

According to Howard et al., the Remoralization phase typically occurs within the first _ sessions

Remediation

According to Howard et al., this phase of therapy involves a focus on the symptoms that brought a client to therapy, as well as symptom reduction

16

According to Howard et al., the Remediation phase typically occurs within the first _ sessions

Rehabilitation

According to Howard et al., this phase of therapy involves “unlearning troublesome, maladaptive, habitual behaviors and establishing new ways of dealing with various aspects of life.”

Rehabilitation

According to Howard et al., the number of sessions required for this final phase of therapy depends on the type and severity of client concerns

Well-Being

According to Howard et al., outcome criteria for the first phase (Remoralization) of therapy should emphasize ___

Symptomology

According to Howard et al., outcome criteria for the second phase (Remediation) of therapy should emphasize ___

Life Functioning

According to Howard et al., outcome criteria for the third phase (Rehabilitation) of therapy should emphasize ___

Efficacy

This measures how well an intervention works under ideal, highly controlled conditions (e.g., clinical trials)

Efficacy

This type of research requires strict experimental control, which may limit generalizability

True

True or False: Generalizability is a limitation of efficacy research

Efficacy

This type of research is most useful for establishing whether there is an effect from treatment

Effectiveness

This measures how well an intervention performs in the real world, where factors like patient compliance, diverse populations, and resource constraints are not controlled

Effectiveness

This type of research is typically correlational or quasi-experimental

Effectiveness

This type of research is best for assessing clinical utility (e.g., determining treatment’s generalizability, feasibility, and cost-effectiveness)

Effectiveness

Seligman (1995) argues for ___ research, since this mirrors how therapy is actually done in the real world

White; Black

Overall, [White/Black] people are more likely to receive mental health services. However, [White/Black] people receive a disproportionate share of services in ERs and psychiatric inpatient settings

True

True or False: Asian Americans are underrepresented across all mental healthcare settings (including both inpatient and outpatient)

False

True or False: Black and Latinx clients receive more care for depression and less for substance use disorders when compared to white clients

50

__% of clients of color terminate after the first session when compared to 30% of white clients

False

True or False: Research on therapist-client matching shows clear benefits for people of all races and cultural backgrounds

True

True or False: Research on therapist-client matching shows that other factors (e.g., shared values) may be more important to treatment

Black

Sue et al. (1991) found that therapist-client matching reduced premature termination for Asian, Hispanic, and White Americans but not for ___ Americans

Hispanic

Sue et al. (1991) found that therapist-client matching only improved treatment outcomes for ___ Americans

Anxiety, Severe Cognitive Impairment, and Depression

These are the three most common clinical concerns (in order) for older adults

True

True or False: Older adults are more heterogeneous than other age groups in terms of demographics, previous life experiences, and current circumstances

False

True or False: Older adults respond well to a variety of therapies, and they often do so faster than younger groups

Dementia

In older adults, behavioral and environmental interventions (“well-established”) and memory and cognitive retraining (“probably efficacious”) have been shown to be useful in the treatment of ___

Depression

In older adults, cognitive, behavioral, and brief psychodynamic therapies have been found to be “probably efficacious” in the treatment of ___

4; 10

IPV is experienced by 1 in _ cis women and 1 in _ cis men

More

Women who are younger, heterosexual, Native American (and Black), and in families with annual incomes less than $10,000 are [more/less] at risk for IPV

Less

Women who are committed to the relationship, experiencing economic dependence, and believe that the perpetrator will change are [more/less] likely to leave the abusive relationship

IPV

Low self-esteem, low education or income, heavy alcohol and drug use, depression and suicide attempts, economic stress, belief in strict gender roles, hostility toward women, and a history of childhood abuse are risk factors for perpetuating ___

IPV

High rates of poverty, limited educational opportunities, high unemployment, elevated violence and crime, and easy access to drugs and alcohol are risk factors for ___

Treatment Manuals

These were designed to standardize psychotherapeutic treatments so their effects could be empirically evaluated and to provide guidelines for training therapists

Treatment Manuals

These specify the theoretical underpinnings of the treatment along with treatment goals and specific therapeutic guidelines and strategies, and many include concrete examples and recommendations for assessment

True

True or False: A criticism of treatment manuals is that they oversimplify the therapeutic process and can lead to the misuse of therapeutic techniques

Clinical Judgment

Many believe that treatment manuals can help disseminate information about empirically validated treatments and “capitalize on an actuarial approach to clinical decision-making, and in doing so, avoid many of the pitfalls of ___”

Placebo

In psychotherapy research, this involves giving clients the nonspecific (common) factors of psychotherapy such as attention and support

True

True or False: In psychotherapy research, placebo participants have greater improvement in symptoms than those in no-treatment or wait-list control groups

Diagnostic Overshadowing

This term was originally used to describe a professional attributing all psychiatric symptoms to a person’s intellectual disabilities

Vocational Overshadowing

This occurs when a person’s vocational problems are overlooked because the client has co-existing personal problems

False

True or False: Diagnostic overshadowing varies significantly by a professional’s theoretical orientation, expertise, and level of experience

Alloplastic

This type of intervention involves making changes in the environment to better accommodate the individual

Autoplastic

This type of intervention involves making changes to the individual so that they are better able to function in their environment

Suicidal

Therapists find ___ statements to be the most stressful type of client behavior

Therapeutic Success

“Lack of ___” is typically the most stressful aspect of work for therapists

Confidentiality

Issues of ___ are the most frequently encountered ethical/ legal issue for therapists

75

Nearly __% of therapists have experienced personal distress in the last 3 years (Guy et al., 1989)

True

True or False: Compassion fatigue and burnout can lead to over-involvement with clients or clients engaging in negative behaviors

Vicarious Trauma

This is identified as an occupational hazard for mental health practitioners; it can affect self-worth, identity, worldview, psychological needs, perception, and memory

True

True or False: Cis women experience more mental illness than cis men across all age groups

False

True or False: Cis women are hospitalized more than cis men

True

True or False: Cis women are more likely to be admitted to outpatient treatment than cis men

Dangerousness

Gender differences in hospitalization shifted in the 1960s when admission criteria changed from “psychopathology” to “perceived ___”

Never Married; Widowed

Hospital admission is highest among [widowed/never married] and lowest among [widowed/never married]

False

True or False: People of color are underrepresented in hospital settings

18-44

The largest age group in inpatient settings is…

Schizophrenia

This is the most common diagnosis among inpatients ages 18-44

65

Organic and affective disorders are the most common diagnosis for inpatients ages _+

True

True or False: White clients make up the majority of both inpatient and outpatient mental health programs

Black

By race, __ American clients have the highest rate of premature termination in therapy

True

True or False: Eysenck (1952) concluded that untreated patients are often "better off" than treated patients in terms of symptom improvement.

75; 85

Howard et al. (1996) found that, after 26 sessions of therapy, approximately __ percent of therapy patients evidenced a measurable improvement in symptoms. After 52 sessions, this increased to only __

Smith and colleagues

The first use of meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy is attributed to…