Science

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* **Physics**

the branch of science that studies **matter, energy, motion, forces, and interactions in the universe**.

* **Motion**

a **change in a person's position with regard to time**.

* **Force**

a **push or pull**.

* **Thermodynamics**

a physics principle involving **heat and temperature processes**.

* **Heat Transfer**

the transfer of heat through **conduction, convection, and radiation**.

* **Conduction**

heat transfer when heat moves from **fire to a cooking pot**.

* **Convection**

heat transfer involving **circulating or boiling liquids**.

* **Electromagnetism**

a physics principle used in devices involving **electricity and electromagnetic effects**.

* **Radiation**

heat transfer used by **microwave ovens**.

* **Electric Fan**

converts **electrical energy into mechanical energy**, producing rotary motion.

* **Refrigerator**

uses **thermodynamics** to absorb and remove heat from inside.

* **Washing Machine**

converts **electrical energy into mechanical energy** and demonstrates **centrifugal force**.

* **Centrifugal Force**

causes objects to **move outward due to circular motion**.

* **Television**

converts electricity into **light, sound, and heat energy** and receives electromagnetic signals.

* **Newton's Laws of Motion**

principles involved in the **movement of cars and vehicles**.

* **Friction**

helps a vehicle **slow down and stop** when brakes are applied.

* **Momentum**

a physics principle involved in **vehicle motion**.

* **Inertia**

the tendency to **continue moving when a car suddenly stops**.

* **Seatbelt**

helps prevent a person from **colliding with the steering wheel or windshield** during sudden stops.

* **Aerodynamics**

the physics of **forces and motion involving airplane flight**.

* **Lift**

force that **raises an airplane**.

* **Thrust**

force that **moves an airplane forward**.

* **Gravity**

force that **pulls an airplane downward**.

* **Drag**

force that **resists an airplane's motion through the air**.

* **Productivity**

can be enhanced through the use of **technological devices**.

* **Smartphones, Tablets, and Laptops**

use **electromagnetism, quantum physics, mechanics, light, sound, and heat**.

* **Wireless Communication**

uses **electromagnetism and quantum-based technology**.

* **Manufacturing Machines**

use **force, motion, energy transformation, and thermodynamics**.

* **Energy Transformation**

conversion of **electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic energy into movement and heat**.

* **Physics in Health and Medicine**

helps medical experts use machines to **detect, diagnose, and study illnesses**.

* **X-ray Machine**

uses **electromagnetic radiation (X-rays)** to examine internal body structures.

* **X-rays**

high-energy electromagnetic rays that pass through **soft tissues** and are absorbed by denser materials such as bones.

* **MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)**

uses **strong magnetic fields and radio waves** to create detailed 3D images of internal organs and soft tissues.

* **Magnetic Fields**

used by MRI to create **anatomical images**.

* **Radio Waves**

used by MRI with magnetic fields to create **detailed images**.

* **Leisure Activities**

entertainment, sports, and recreation involving **sound, light, motion, electricity, and energy**.

* **Entertainment Devices**

use **electromagnetism, thermodynamics, optics, and sound energy**.

* **Wi-Fi and Bluetooth**

use **electromagnetism** for communication.

* **Optics**

used in cameras to **focus light and capture images**.

* **Amusement Rides**

demonstrate **energy transformation, gravity, inertia, uniform circular motion, and centripetal force**.

* **Energy Transformation in Roller Coasters**

involves transformation between **potential and kinetic energy**.

* **Ferris Wheel**

demonstrates **uniform circular motion** controlled by centripetal force.

* **Sports/Athletic Activities**

demonstrate **angular momentum, Newton's laws of motion, projectile motion, and energy transformation**.

* **Angular Momentum**

demonstrated in skating when **body position changes rotation speed**.

* **Projectile Motion**

occurs when objects such as balls are **thrown or shot**.

* **Energy Transformation in Sports**

converts **chemical energy from the body into mechanical energy**, including kinetic and potential energy.

* **Physics and Safety**

helps keep people **safe in everyday activities**.

* **Helmets**

provide **protection**.

* **Proper Lifting Techniques**

help with **safe movement and lifting**.

* **Construction Safety Equipment**

helps provide **protection and safety**.

* **Translational Motion**

motion where an object moves from **one location to another**.

* **Rotational Motion**

motion where an object **spins around a fixed axis**.

* **Linear Motion**

motion along a **straight line**.

* **Angular Motion**

describes the **change in angle** of an object or point around an axis.

* **Linear Velocity (v)**

describes **how fast an object moves** in translational motion.

* **Angular Velocity (ω)**

describes **how fast an object spins**.

* **Linear Acceleration**

describes how quickly an object's **speed changes**.

* **Angular Acceleration (α)**

describes how quickly an object's **spinning speed changes**.

* **Distance**

measures **how far an object has moved**.

* **Angle**

measures **how much an object has turned**, using degrees or radians.

* **Torque**

causes **angular acceleration**.

* **Mass/Inertia**

represents how **heavy something is** and relates to resistance to changes in translational motion.

* **Moment of Inertia**

describes how **hard it is to spin something**.

* **Linear Kinetic Energy**

**KE = ½mv²**.

* **Rotational Kinetic Energy**

**KE = ½Iω²**.

* **Net External Force**

causes **translational motion**.

* **Net External Torque**

causes **rotational motion**.

* **Translational Motion Example**

**walking forward or a car moving straight**.

* **Rotational Motion Example**

**spinning wheel, electric fan, or Earth rotating on its axis**.

* **Translational + Rotational Motion**

a **bike moves forward** while its **wheels rotate**.

* **Inertia**

resistance to changes in **linear motion**.

* **Moment of Inertia**

resistance to changes in **rotational motion**.

* **Translational Force**

a **push or pull** that causes movement.

* **Rotational Torque**

a **twist or turn** that causes spinning.

* **Walking/Running**

legs **rotate at joints** while the body **moves forward**.

* **Feet and Ground**

feet **push against the ground** to create motion.

* **Faster Leg Rotation**

leads to **faster forward movement**.

* **Dancing/Gymnastics**

**spins** demonstrate rotational motion while **steps across the floor** demonstrate translational motion.

* **Body Position**

affects speed; **arms closer to the body = faster spin**.

* **Balance and Coordination**

important for **controlling motion**.

* **Ergonomic Design**

designing tools and environments for **comfort, efficiency, and reduced strain/injury**.

* **Ergonomics**

the science of designing tools and environments to **optimize human-machine interaction and reduce strain**.

* **Motion Principles in Ergonomics**

help objects move and be used with **less effort and smoother, controlled motion**.