SLP ANAPHY - Unit 2 (Part 2)

Tissue

a group of cells that usually have a common origin with an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities

Histology

a branch of science that deals with the study of tissues

Pathologist

a physician who examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses

1. Epithelial Tissue

2. Connective Tissue

3. Muscular Tissue

4. Nervous Tissue

the different types of tissues are:

Epithelial Tissue

this tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts

Epithelial Tissue

this tissue allows the body to interact with both its internal and external environments

Epithelial Tissue

an avascular tissue that is composed of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers

Connective Tissue

this tissue protects and supports the body and its organs

Connective Tissue

this tissue has different functions, such as binding organs together, storing energy reserves as fat, and help provide immunity to disease-causing organisms

Muscular Tissue

this tissue is composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force; this tissue also generates heat that warms the body

Muscular Tissue

this tissue produces motion in response to muscle action potentials by contractility, extensibility, elasticity, and excitability

Muscular Tissue

this tissue consists of fibers that provide motion, maintain posture, and generate heat

Nervous Tissue

detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by sending action signals (nerve impulses) to the brain (control center) that activates muscular contractions and/or glandular secretions

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: the epithelial tissue contains many cells packed together with little or no extracellular matrix

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: the epithelial tissue has no blood vessels (avascular) and forms surface layers; it is also not covered by another tissue

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: the connective tissue has a few scattered cells surrounded by a large extracellular matrix

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: the connective tissue has a significant network of blood vessels (vascular)

Cell Junction

this is the points of contact between cells

1. Tight Juctions

2. Adherens Junctions

3. Demosomes

4. Hemidesmosomes

5. Gap Junctions

the types of cell junctions are:

Tight Junctions

these consist of tight, weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse adjacent plasma membranes, which prevent the contents of some organs from leaking into the blood and surrounding tissues

Adherens Junctions

these contain plaque, a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane, and an adhesion belt - this helps the epithelial cells resist separation during contraction

Desmosomes

they consist of intermediate filaments, which contain keratin - these contribute to the stability of the cells and tissues; they prevent epidermal cells from separating during contraction

Hemidesmosomes

these resemble desmosomes, but they do not link adjacent cells - they are attached to the basement membrane via laminin

Gap Junctions

these junctions’ plasma membranes are separated by a narrow intercellcular gap - connexons serve as tiny tunnels which allow diffusion of small particles from the cytosol of one cell to another

1. Apical (Free) Surface - faces the body surface

2. Lateral Surface - face the adjacent cells on either side

3. Basal Surface - the deepest layer of the epithelial cell

the different surfaces of the epithelial cell are:

1. Covering and Lining Epithelium

2. Glandular Epithelium

the types of epithelial cell:

Covering and Lining Epithelium

forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs

Covering and Lining Epithelium

forms the inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, and interior of respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive system

Glandular Epithelium

makes up the secreting portion of glands (e.g. thyroid gland, adrenal gland, sweat glands, and digestive glands)

1. Squamous - squashed flat

2. Cuboidal - cube-shaped

3. Columnar - column-shaped

the different cell shapes of covering and lining epithelium are:

Squamous

this cell shape is flat and thin; it allows for rapid passage of substances

Cuboidal

this cell shape is cube-shaped and is tall as it is wide; its apical surface have microvilli and function in secretion and absorption

Columnar

this cell shape column-shaped and is much taller than it is wide; it protects underlying tissues and their apical surface have cilia or microvilli

Transitional

this cell “shape” is composed of at least two cell types; they change shape and are found in organs that need to stretch (e.g. the urinary bladder)

1. Simple

2. Pseudostratified

3. Stratified

the different arrangement of cells in layers are:

Simple

this arrangement is composed of a single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, and absorption

Pseudostratified

this arrangement looks like it has multiple layers because the cells lie at different levels and not all reach the apical surface

Stratified

this arrangement is composed of multiple layers to protect underlying tissues in locations with considerable wear and tear

1. Unicellular (single-celled) - goblet cells

2. Multicellular (multiple cells) - sweat, oil, salivary glands

the different glandular epithelium structures are:

1. Merocrine Secretion

2. Apocrine Secretion

3. Holocrine Secretion

the different glandular functions are:

Merocrine Secretion

secretions are released from the cell in secretory vesicles (e.g., salivary glands and pancreas)

Apocrine Secretion

secretions accumulate at the apical surface of the cell, then a portion of the cell is pinched off during secretion (e.g., mammary glands)

Holocrine Secretion

secretions accumulate in the cytosol - as the cell matures, it ruptures (dies) and becomes the secretory product

1. Endocrine

2. Exocrine

the types of glandular epithelium are:

Endocrine

release hormones to the bloodstream that regulate metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis

Exocrine

produce substances outside the bloodstream onto the skin surface or body cavities to aid in lowering temperature, lubrication, etc.

1. Ducts are branched (compound) or unbranched (simple)

2. Shape of the ducts (tubular [tube-shaped], acinar [rounded], coiled, or tubuloacinar [both tube-shaped and rounded])

multicellular glands are categorized into two criteria:

1. Extracellular Matrix

2. Cells

the connective tissue is made up of two basic elements, namely:

Extracellular Matrix

the material located between its widely spaced cells

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: the extracellular matrix does not usually occur in body surfaces and is highly vascular (rich in blood vessels), except in the cartilage and tendons

1. Protein Fibers

2. Ground Substance

the extracellular matrix is composed of:

1. Collagen Fibers - strong, flexible bundles of collagen, which are the most abundant in the body (bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments)

2. Elastic Fibers - stretchable but strong fibers that can return to their original shape after being stretched (skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue)

3. Reticular Fibers - provide support in blood vessel walls and form networks around various cells (spleen and lymph nodes)

the different types of fibers are:

1. Embryonic CT

2. Mature CT

the two classifications of connective tissue are:

Embryonic Connective Tissue

connective tissue present in an embryo/fetus and develops into mature connective tissue

Mature Connective Tissue

connective tissue that is present at birth and persists throughout life

1. Mesenchyme

2. Mucous

the two types of embryonic connective tissue are:

Mesenchyme

this forms almost all other types of connective tissue and is present during cell division

Mucous

this lines the membranes of the different organs

1. Connective Tissue Proper (Dense and Loose)

2. Supporting Connective Tissue (Cartilage and Bone)

3. Liquid Connective Tissue (Blood and Lymph)

the three classifications of mature connective tissue are:

1. Areolar CT

2. Adipose CT

3. Reticular CT

the loose connective tissue is further divided into:

Areolar Connective Tissue

found in and around nearly every part of the body (“packing material” of the body) and functions in strength, elasticity, and support

Adipose Connective Tissue

specialized storage for triglycerides (fats) and functions in reducing heat loss through the skin

Reticular Connective Tissue

a fine interlacing network of reticular fibers and function in forming the stroma (supporting framework) of organs and removing worn-out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes

1. Dense Regular CT

2. Dense Irregular CT

3. Elastic CT

the dense connective tissue is further divided into:

Dense Regular CT

forms tendons (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone), and aponeuroses (sheet-like tendons), and functions in providing a strong attachment to various structures and withstands pulling/tension along the long axis of fibers

Dense Irregular CT

they are irregularly arranged and are often found in the pericardium, periosteum, and perichondrium, and function in providing pulling (tensile) strength in many directions

Elastic CT

contain elastic fibers and are found in organs that expand and contract (e.g., lungs and arteries), and function in allowing various organs to stretch as it is strong and can recoil to their original shape after being stretched

1. Cartilage

2. Bones

the supporting connective tissue are further divided into:

Hyaline Cartilage

it is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body, and functions in providing smooth surfaces for the movement of joints, flexibility, and support; yet, it is the weakest type of cartilage and can be fractured

Fibrocartilage

it functions to support and join structures together; it contains thick bundles of collagen fibers, which provide strength and rigidity, making it the strongest type of cartilage

Elastic Cartilage

it provides strength and elasticity and maintains the shape of certain structures

1. Compact Bone - has osteons

2. Spongy Bone - has trabeculae

the subdivisions of bone are:

1. Blood - fluid present in blood vessels which transport oxygen and nutrients to various organs

2. Lymph - the extracellular fluid present in lymph vessels which functions in immunity and fluid balance

the subdivisions of fluid connective tissue are:

Membranes

these are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover of line a part of a body

1. Epithelial Membrane

2. Synovial Membrane

the two types of membrane are:

1. Mucous Membrane

2. Serous Membrane

3. Cutaneous Membrane

the three types of epithelial membranes are:

Mucous Membrane

lines a body cavity that opens directly to the outside of the body (digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tract); they also contain a layer of epithelium and an underlying layer of connective tissue

Serous Membrane

lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the outside (pleura [lungs], pericardium [heart], peritoneum [abdominal cavity]); it has two parts: parietal layer (outside) and visceral layer (inside)

Cutaneous Membrane

lines the skin, which covers the entire body and is composed of the epidermis (superficial layer) and dermis (deep layer)

Synovial Membrane

line joints and contain connective tissue without epithelium, only connective tissue, and contain synovial fluid

1. Skeletal MT

2. Cardiac MT

3. Smooth MT

the three types of muscular tissue are:

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

they contain long, cylindrical, striated fibers; it is voluntary in nature since it is under conscious control; they attach to the bones via tendons and function in motion, posture, heat production, and protection

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

they are striated with one centrally located nucleus; it is involuntary in nature and it is found in the heart, and function to pump blood throughout the body

Smooth Muscle Tissue

they are not striated and are involuntary in nature; they can be found in irises, hollow organ walls, and airways, and function to provide motion (constriction of blood vessels and airways, propulsion of foods through the gastrointestinal tract, contraction of the urinary bladder and gallbladder)

1. Neurons

2. Neuroglia

the nervous tissue is composed of:

Neurons

they can carry sensory or motor information and they can perform integrative functions

Neuroglia

they protect and support neurons

Electrical Excitability

the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals, such as action potentials, which travel along the plasma membrane

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: neurons and muscle fibers are considered excitable cells because they exhibit electrical excitability

Tissue Repair

the process that replaces worn out, damaged, or dead cells

Fibrosis

the formation of scar tissue