PHARM 060 Lecture #11 - Small-Volume Parenteral Preparations

What is a small-volume parenteral preparation?

A sterile solution, typically with a volume of 25mL to 250mL, that is prepared to be administered through a parenteral route

What three characteristics accurately describe a small-volume parenteral preparation?

pH neutral, isotonic, and isosmotic

A large-volume parenteral preparation is given for hydration or for continuous infusion of medication, while an IV piggyback is...

used solely for intermittent IV administration of medication

What is gram-positive bacteria?

type of bacteria that stain purple with Gram stain and have a thick cell wall without an outer membrane

What is gram-negative bacteria?

type of bacteria that stains red with Gram stain and has a thin cell wall

How long is the infusion period of an IV piggyback?

15 to 60 minutes

What is a needleless injection port?

A medical device that allows for fluid to be injected to or withdrawn from an IV line without the use of a needle

True or False:

An IVPB cannot be administered to a patient who does not have a primary IV line.

False

What does HAI stand for?

Healthcare Associated Infections

What is phlebitis?

Inflammation of a vein

What is tissuing?

The event in which IV fluid or medication leaks from the vein and into the surrounding tissue

What is an embolism?

A piece of a blood clot that enters the bloodstream

What is cellulitis?

An acute, spreading infection of dermal and subcutaneous tissues

What is Stevens-Johnson syndrome?

A rare, life-threatening skin condition that causes widespread blistering and peeling of the skin and mucous membranes

What is hepatotoxicity?

Liver toxicity

What is nephrotoxicity?

Kidney toxicity

What is another term for antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

Superbugs

What are 3 factors that have influenced the evolution of super bugs?

Widespread use of antimicrobial agents; overuse of antibiotics; prophylactic antibiotic treatment in the meat and dairy industries

What is an antimicrobial agent?

A substance or chemical compound capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms

What is MRSA?

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

What is VRSA?

Vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

What is CRKP

carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

What is CRE

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae

What is NDM-1?

New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase

What is the AWaRE tool, created by the World Health Organization (WHO)?

Access, Watch, and Reserve; used to classify antibiotics into three different groups and specifies what antibiotics to use for the most common and serious infections, which ones should be available at all times, and ones that must be used sparingly or preserved as a last resort

What initiative was created in 2016 to support comprehensive and coordinated public health action against antibiotic resistance across all states and in several cities and countries?

Antibiotic Resistance Solutions Initiative

This is an antimicrobial agent capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of certain bacteria.

A. Microbe

B. Antibiotic

C. IVPB

D. Normal saline

B. Antibiotic

Which indicator was identified by WHO as posing a serious threat to global health?

A. HAIs

B. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria

C. Drug-resistant viruses

D. Microbial infections

B. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria

This technique can be used to withdraw the dissolved powder from a vial without injecting air.

A. Shadowing

B. Reconstitution

C. Milking

D. Filtering

C. Milking

This type of needle has a razor tip and is surrounded by a tiny aluminum needle sheath.

A. Regular

B. Filter

C. Vented

D. Beveled

C. Vented