Knee and Lower Leg Anatomy

What is the unhappy triad of the knee and is a common football injury?

MCL

medial meniscus

ACL

What is genu varum?

“Bowleg” children after starting to walk

What is genu valgum?

“knock-knee’ ages 2-4

The deep fascia of the leg (below the knee) is called the:

Crural fascia

What is the function of the superior extensor retinacula?

prevent bowstringing of tendons

Where does the superior extensior retinacula span?

tibia to the fibula

The inferior extensor retinacula has 3 attachments:

Anterosuperior calcaneous to navicular/cuneiform and medial malleolus

What is the function of the inferior extensor retinacula?

bowstringing over angles of foot

The flexor retinaculum spans from the:

calcaneous to the medial malleolus

What tendons are under the flexor retinaculum (3)?

Tom: Tibialis posterior

Dick: Flexor digitorum longus

Flexor hallucis longus

What is the blood supply of the Tom, Dick and Harry of the flexor retinaculum?

Tibial artery and vein

What is the innervation of the Tom Dick and Harry of the flexor retinaculum?

Tibial nerve

The fibular retinacula function:

Guide tendons of fibularis longus and brevis around the lateral aspect of the ankle

What is the anterior crural compartment?

Ext the toes and dorsiflex the foot

What is the nerve innervation of the anterior crural compartment?

deep peroneal nerve

What is the action of the lateral crural compartment?

PF and evert foot

What is the nerve innervation of the lateral crural compartment?

Superior peroneal nerve

What is the action of the posterior superficial portion of the crural compartment?

PF foot

what is the action of the posterior deep portion of the crural compartment?

Extend

What is the nerve innervation of the posterior crural compartment?

Tibial nerve

What muscles are in the anterior crural group (4)?

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

Peroneus tertius

What muscles are in the lateral crural group (2)?

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

What muscles are in the posterior SUPERFICIAL crural group (3)?

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Plantaris

What muscle is considered the students nerve?

Plantaris

What muscles are in the posterior DEEP crural group?

Tibialis posterior (Tom)

Flexor digitorum longus (Dick)

Flexor hallucis (Harry)

Popliteus

Shin splits are common with what muscle?

Tibialis anterior (tears in the periosteum)

Over excertion

What tendon can be used for a graft?

Plantaris tendon

Hand surgery, no loss of function in the ankle region

The plantaris tendon can rupture with sudden and forceful:

Dorsiflexion

The proximal tibiofibular joint is a:

plane-synovial joint

Where is the tibiofibular joint located?

fibular head and lateral condyle of tibia

The tibiofibular distal joint is a:

Syndensmoses (fibrous)

Where is the distal tibiofibular joint located?

Middle and inferior fibula and the facet of the inferior tibia

the talocrural joint is a type of:

Modified hinge

Where is the talocrural joint located?

Distal tibia and fibula with trochlea of talus

What are the three ligaments of the lateral ‘tripartite’ collateral ligament?

Anterior talofibular

Posterior talofibular

Cancaneofibular

What are the four ligaments of the medial ‘deltoid’ collateral ligament?

Posterior tibiotalar

Anterior tibiotalar

Tibiocalcaneal

Tibionavicular

Which group of ligaments in the ankle joint are stronger?

MCL stronger

Dorsiflexion of the angle is done by the:

Anterior compartment of the leg

Dorsiflexion is limited by the:

Triceps surae (med/lat of gastrocnemius and soleus)

Collateral ligament of ankle

Plantar flexion is done via the muscles:

Posterior compartment of the leg

Plantar flexion is limited by:

ABD

ADD

Rotation

What ligaments sprain in the ankle during ankle sprains?

Anterior talofibular ligament

Calcaneofibular ligament

Ankle sprains most often occur with excessive:

PF and inversion

Excessive eversion of the ankle will cause what to occur?

Avulsion of medial malleolus

THE MEDIAL LIGAMENT WILL NOT BREAK