Non fermenter part 1

Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria are

Gram-negative aerobic rods that rely on oxidative metabolism rather than fermentation

Non-fermenters do not ferment

Glucose under anaerobic conditions

Major characteristics of non-fermenters

Oxidative metabolism environmental resilience biofilm formation and multidrug resistance

Why are non-fermenters important in veterinary medicine?

They are increasingly associated with chronic infections hospital-acquired infections biofilms and multidrug resistance

Examples of non-fermenters

Pseudomonas Burkholderia Acinetobacter Bordetella Moraxella Alcaligenes Achromobacter and Stenotrophomonas

Most important veterinary non-fermenter

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Genus Pseudomonas Gram stain

Gram-negative medium-sized rods

Arrangement of Pseudomonas

Pairs

Oxygen requirement of Pseudomonas

Obligate aerobe

Metabolism of Pseudomonas

Oxidative (non-fermenter)

Oxidase test of Pseudomonas

Positive

Catalase test of Pseudomonas

Positive

Habitat of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Soil water skin and mucous membranes

Characteristic colony odor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Fruity or grape-like odor

Characteristic colony appearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Mucoid colonies

Serotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is based on

Somatic O antigens

Major reservoirs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Soil water mud drinking troughs wet bedding milking parlours wash water and improperly diluted disinfectant solutions

Poor hygiene increases the risk of

Pseudomonas herd outbreaks

Blue-green pigment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pyocyanin

Function of pyocyanin

Produces superoxide and hydrogen peroxide causing tissue damage

Yellow-green fluorescent pigment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pyoverdin

Function of pyoverdin

Siderophore for iron acquisition and regulation of exotoxin A secretion

Dark red pigment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pyorubin

Brown-black pigment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pyomelanin

Major virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Fimbriae capsule pyocyanin pyoverdin exotoxin A elastase hemolysin leukocidin and drug resistance

Function of fimbriae

Adhesion

Function of capsule

Prevents phagocytosis

Function of exotoxin A

Inhibits host cell protein synthesis causing cell death

Function of elastase

Destroys elastin and damages tissues

Function of hemolysin

Lyses red blood cells

Function of leukocidin

Kills leukocytes

Drug resistance in Pseudomonas is associated with

Porin proteins

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is primarily

An opportunistic pathogen

Predisposing factors for Pseudomonas infection

Immunocompromised animals burn patients and concurrent infections

Pseudomonas commonly causes in dogs

Otitis externa dermatitis urinary tract infections wound infections and pneumonia

Pseudomonas commonly causes in cats

Wound infections urinary tract infections and pneumonia

Pseudomonas commonly causes in horses

Endometritis wound infections keratitis septic arthritis and pneumonia

Pseudomonas commonly causes in cattle

Mastitis and wound infections

Pseudomonas commonly causes in sheep and goats

Wound infections fleece rot and pneumonia

Pseudomonas commonly causes in poultry

Septicemia and respiratory disease

Pseudomonas commonly causes in fish

Hemorrhagic septicemia and ulcerative disease

Food spoilage caused by Pseudomonas results from

Proteases and lipases

Effects of Pseudomonas food spoilage

Off-odors rancidity slime formation discoloration and reduced shelf life

Industries most affected by Pseudomonas food spoilage

Dairy and meat industries

Characteristic color of Pseudomonas wound infections

Blue-green

Fleece rot is also called

Green wool

Pseudomonas commonly causes in horses affecting the eye

Ulcerative keratitis

Laboratory media used to identify Pseudomonas

MacConkey agar and Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) agar

Best clue for Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Oxidase-positive obligate aerobe with fruity odor blue-green pigment and opportunistic infections