psy 105 midterm 1

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53 Terms

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fixed mindset
a mindset where you believe something about you is fixed and unchangeable.
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growth mindset
a mindset where even after setbacks, you feel like you can improve.
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Entity View
Intelligence is stable; you are either smart or not smart, and working hard indicates lack of intelligence
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Incremental View
Intelligence is acquired and malleable; you get smarter by practicing and working hard
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blank slate
where infants have limited initial structure, and learn (via general purpose learning mechanisms) from experiencing their environment
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core knowledge
also known as nature, where infants are born with an initial structure in place which guides maturation and development.
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general purpose learning
a possible learning mechanism, where specific parts are associated with specific learning mechanisms. Brain is association finding engine, eyes + nose + ears is data acquisition, and hands are exploration devices
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specialized learning mechanisms
possible learning mechanism where the brain is like a swiss army knife; multiple tools, but it doesn’t have every tool because it needs to be efficient
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habituation
showing an infant the same stimulus over and over, until they get bored. when something novel occurs, the infant is more likely to react.
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newborn
limited control of eye, head, and arm movements

no postural control or locomotion
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3 months
increasing control of head and eye movements

learning to roll over
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6 months
sit independently

skilled reaching and beginnings of object exploration
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9 months
crawling, pulls up to standing, standing with help

fine motor skills improving, means-ends actions
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12 months
age able to walk
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Twin Study
Study by Arnold Gesell where one twin was given motor training and the other wasn’t. They found that the other twin caught up spontaneously and discovered that motor development is something that unfolds naturally over time.
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context general
infants have to learn to crawl and walk adaptively in a lot of different contexts. As they get better at skill, they get better at judging their own abilities
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action specific
what an infant learns in one mode of action does not transfer to another mode of action
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social
motor skills are closely linked to ___ skills
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discriminate
infants can ____ small numbers, but the system breaks down when there are 4 or more objects
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approximate number system
a system for approximating numbers that gets better as infants grow older. Also known as ANS.
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Jean Piaget
founder of cognitive developmental research. his theories have profound influence on the field today. he was most interested in reasoning errors, and was a stage theorist.
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sensorimotor stage
beginning stage, 0-2 years old.

They have:

* sensorimotor intelligence, reflexes

Don’t have:

* mental representations, logical operations

Failures:

* object permanence
* A not B error
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object permanence
“Out of sight, out of mind.” Babies younger than 8 months will tend to fail to reach for something once it has been hidden. It develops over the course of time and takes 18-24 months to fully develop.
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A not B Error
After seeing an object hidden at A multiple times, infants search for it at A, even when they watch it being hidden at B, the new location
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Pre-Operational Stage
2-7 years:

they have:

* Mental representations
* Capacity for pretend play

don’t have

* Logical operations

failures

* Egocentrism: see things only from their perspective
* Conservation tasks: centration (focus on one feature at the exclusion of other important ones)
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Centration
focus on one feature at the exclusion of other important ones
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Concrete operational stage
7-12 years

\
they have:

* Mental representations
* Logical operations
* Ability to solve concrete logical problems

don’t have

* Hypothetical general logic
* Ability to think outside of personal (concrete) experiences

failures

* Reasoning about logically impossible rules
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formal operational
12+ years

What they have:

* Mental representations
* Logical operations
* Formal logical reasoning (outside own experience)
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Assimilation
adding information to an existing theory
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Accommodation
changing theory to match new evidence
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Equilibration
processing to accommodate when new evidence does not match current understanding.
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impossible event
children will look longer at the ___ ___ because they are able to differentiate it.
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dependent
children are _____ on caretakers
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skin soothing
skin to skin contact reduces pain in newborn infants, and stabilizes heart rate
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bids for interaction
smiling, vocalizing
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active proximity seeking
following mom/dad, approaching parent
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harlow’s monkeys
Harry Harlow raised infant monkeys apart from their mothers, and provided them with alternative mothers to study attachment.
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comfort
based on Harlow’s monkeys, infants are more driven to seek ____
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functional
attachment is ____

* increased emotional security
* supports exploration and learning
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Strange Situation
Developed by Ainsworth to evaluate infant attachment relationships.

Scripted and meant to create stress in a social setting

* New environment
* Adult stranger enters
* Parent exits
* Infant is alone with stranger
* Parent returns
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secure
infant becomes distressed when parent leaves but is readily soothed when the parent returns
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avoidant
infant has little overt stress when caregiver leaves, and is likely to ignore the caregiver when they return
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ambivalent
infant is distressed when the caregiver leaves, and is not easily soothed when caregiver returns
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stable
attachment style is ____ over time (9 to 18 months) and predicts later outcomes about the child.
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authoritative
high acceptance, high demand.

* reasonable demands, consistently enforced, sensitive to child’s needs
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authoritarian
low acceptance, high demand.

* many rules/demands, few explanations and low sensitivity to child’s needs
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permissive
high acceptance, low demand

* few rules/demands, children allowed much freedom by indulgent parents
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disengaged
low acceptance, low demand

* few rules/demands, parents uninvolved, insensitive to childs needs
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permissive
result of ____ parenting style:

* kids are impulsive, lack self-control, perform poor academically, and have high rates of antisocial behavior
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disengaged
result of ____ parenting style:

* kids have high rates of antisocial behavior, poor self-image, internal problems, and have poor academic and social performance
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authoritative
result of ____ parenting style:

* kids are competent academically and socially, popular with peers, in control of their own behavior, and display high levels of self esteem
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authoritarian
result of ____ parenting style:

* kids have average levels of social and academic skills, but low confidence. highly likely to conform to society’s social norms
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temperament
individual differences in emotion, motor behavior, reactivity, and self regulation