a mindset where you believe something about you is fixed and unchangeable.
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growth mindset
a mindset where even after setbacks, you feel like you can improve.
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Entity View
Intelligence is stable; you are either smart or not smart, and working hard indicates lack of intelligence
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Incremental View
Intelligence is acquired and malleable; you get smarter by practicing and working hard
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blank slate
where infants have limited initial structure, and learn (via general purpose learning mechanisms) from experiencing their environment
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core knowledge
also known as nature, where infants are born with an initial structure in place which guides maturation and development.
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general purpose learning
a possible learning mechanism, where specific parts are associated with specific learning mechanisms. Brain is association finding engine, eyes + nose + ears is data acquisition, and hands are exploration devices
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specialized learning mechanisms
possible learning mechanism where the brain is like a swiss army knife; multiple tools, but it doesn’t have every tool because it needs to be efficient
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habituation
showing an infant the same stimulus over and over, until they get bored. when something novel occurs, the infant is more likely to react.
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newborn
limited control of eye, head, and arm movements
no postural control or locomotion
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3 months
increasing control of head and eye movements
learning to roll over
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6 months
sit independently
skilled reaching and beginnings of object exploration
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9 months
crawling, pulls up to standing, standing with help
fine motor skills improving, means-ends actions
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12 months
age able to walk
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Twin Study
Study by Arnold Gesell where one twin was given motor training and the other wasn’t. They found that the other twin caught up spontaneously and discovered that motor development is something that unfolds naturally over time.
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context general
infants have to learn to crawl and walk adaptively in a lot of different contexts. As they get better at skill, they get better at judging their own abilities
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action specific
what an infant learns in one mode of action does not transfer to another mode of action
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social
motor skills are closely linked to ___ skills
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discriminate
infants can ____ small numbers, but the system breaks down when there are 4 or more objects
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approximate number system
a system for approximating numbers that gets better as infants grow older. Also known as ANS.
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Jean Piaget
founder of cognitive developmental research. his theories have profound influence on the field today. he was most interested in reasoning errors, and was a stage theorist.
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sensorimotor stage
beginning stage, 0-2 years old.
They have:
* sensorimotor intelligence, reflexes
Don’t have:
* mental representations, logical operations
Failures:
* object permanence * A not B error
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object permanence
“Out of sight, out of mind.” Babies younger than 8 months will tend to fail to reach for something once it has been hidden. It develops over the course of time and takes 18-24 months to fully develop.
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A not B Error
After seeing an object hidden at A multiple times, infants search for it at A, even when they watch it being hidden at B, the new location
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Pre-Operational Stage
2-7 years:
they have:
* Mental representations * Capacity for pretend play
don’t have
* Logical operations
failures
* Egocentrism: see things only from their perspective * Conservation tasks: centration (focus on one feature at the exclusion of other important ones)
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Centration
focus on one feature at the exclusion of other important ones