BIO 370 - Evolution - Artificial Selection

Flashcards on Evolution and Artificial Selection

What has been found in early settlements?

Fossilized remains of both plants and animals

How have plants in the diet of early humans been identified?

Charred seeds and preserved fruits or other plant parts

How have animals in the diet of early humans been identified?

Bones, teeth, feathers, scales, fur, and shells

When did human cultures begin the practice of agriculture?

About 10,000 years ago

Domesticated plants are…

Genetically distinct from their wild progenitors

Natural selection leads to…

Traits that maximize the chances of survival in the natural environment

Artificial selection leads to…

Traits that suit human needs and do not necessarily have survival value

Some traits selected by humans are…

Detrimental to survival in the natural environment

Modern corn with its sheathing husks…

Cannot disperse its seeds

Domesticated wheat and other cereals have nonshattering heads, a trait that…

limits seed dissemination

Wild grasses have shattering heads, a trait that…

Enhances seed dissemination

Selection for larger seeds, fruits, or tubers gave rise to domesticated varieties that were…

Larger than their wild counterparts

Speculation has it that agriculture reached the Iberian Peninsula via…

Mediterranean Europe or North Africa

Domesticated wheat had its origins in the…

Near East at least 9,000 years ago

Wild species of wheat can still be found in…

northern Iraq, Iran, and Turkey

Evolution of domesticated wheat includes a series of hybridization events coupled with chromosome doubling resulting in…

Diploids, Tetraploids, and Hexaploids

Durum wheat is a tetraploid with…

4n = 28

Semolina flour from Durum wheat is used to make…

Pasta

Bread wheat is a hexaploid with…

6n=42

The flour from bread wheat is used for…

Bread, pastries, and breakfast cereals

Legumes have been cultivated for thousands of years because the seeds are…

easily harvested, have a low water content, and are easily dried and stored for long periods

Beans are a good source of protein, with values ranging from…

17% to 31%

Some beans, like many legumes in general, contain…

Alkaloids

The broad bean or Windsor bean or faba bean or fava bean (Vicia faba) has been cultivated and eaten for…

Several thousand years in the Mediterranean region

A disease called favism is associated with fava bean consumption; susceptible individuals develop…

Hemolytic anemia

The term pea denotes different kinds of edible seeds that have been cultivated for millennia.

Dozens of

Like beans, peas and lentils are a good source of protein with averages of about…

21%

Peanuts are native to…

South America

The peanut is highly nutritious with…

45%-50% oil and 25%-30% protein

As early as 8,000 years ago, collected wild potatoes.

Indians of the Andian highlands

By the time the Spanish Conquistadors arrived in the 1530s, the potato was the of the Inca civilization.

Staple

The potato was introduced to Spain during the…

Middle to late 16th century

The potato is in the nightshade family, Solanaceae, which contains many plants with…

Poisonous and/or psychoactive properties

There are cultivars of the white potato, Solanum tuberosum…

Almost 6,000

The cacao tree, Theobroma cacao, was cultivated by native peoples from…

Southern Mexico through Central America to northern South America

The Aztecs made a spicy, bitter drink called by adding boiling water to a mixture of roasted, coarsely ground cacao beans and spices including chili peppers and vanilla beans.

Chocolatl

The Spanish modified the Aztec recipe for Chocolatl and added sugar to produce the drink called…

Cocoa

Columbus eventually brought many plants such as _ to Europe.

Yams, sweet potatoes, cassava, kidney beans, maize, capsicum peppers, and tobacco

Many important oriental spices, including cloves, nutmeg, mace, and pepper, are native to the…

Spice Islands

Example of Old World Spices include…

Cinnamon, black pepper, cloves, nutmeg, ginger, and saffron

Saffron, the modern world’s most expensive spice, is obtained from the…

Stigmas of Crocus sativus

Saffron is native to…

Eastern Mediterranean countries and Asia Minor

The Arabs introduced saffron into in the 10th century, and today _ dominates world production with 70% of the market.

Spain

New World spices, introduced first to Spain, included…

Vanilla and several varieties of capsicum peppers such as chili peppers and paprika

Vanilla comes from the __, a perennial vine native to the humid tropical rain forests of Central America and Mexico.

Fruits of Vanilla planifolia

Vanilla, an important _ among the Aztecs, was introduced into Spain and soon spread throughout Europe.

Commodity

Capsicum peppers are native to the New World where they were…

Cultivated for thousands of years by the people of tropical America

Capsicum peppers were introduced into Spain by and were soon cultivated throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Columbus

The mint family, Lamiceae, is the source of many important herbs including…

Spearmint, peppermint, marjoram, oregano, rosemary, sage, sweet basil, thyme, and savory

The parsley family, Apiaceae, provides many familiar herbs such as…

Parsley, caraway, dill, fennel, celery, anise, coriander, celantro, cumin, and chervil

The major tobacco plant grown in the world today is _, a member of the nightshade family, Solanaceae.

Nicotiana tabacum

Nicotine, the major alkaloid in tobacco, is the addictive drug in widespread use.

Most

Columbus and his men encountered natives smoking tobacco when they landed on in 1492.

Cuba

The practice of growing grapes for was practiced by many ancient cultures.

Wine making

Wine begins with the wine grape, _ which is native to the area around the Caspian Sea between Europe and Asia.

Vitis vinifera

The wine grape is basically of two types…

Red or white

Wines develop a red color when the juice is left in contact with broken red skins, which contain…

Anthocyanin pigments and tannins

For white wine from white or red grapes, the skins are separated from the juice in the press before the grapes are crushed, pressed, and then…

Fermented

For red wine, red skins are not removed from the juice until after fermentation – the grapes are crushed, fermented, and then…

Pressed

Pressing to remove red skins in the middle of fermentation produces rosé, which has a shade.

Pink or pale red

Sparkling wines result when excess carbon dioxide from a remains trapped within the bottle.

Secondary fermentation

In the traditional method (Méthode Champenoise), the blended wine is bottled and undergoes a second fermentation in the bottle enabled by the…

Addition of sugar and yeast

If an alcoholic content above 14% is desired, then alcohol must be added and the wine is said to be…

Fortified

The taste and aroma of sherry are due to the oxidation of some of the ethanol to…

Acetaldehydes

The most widely planted grape is the __ grape Airén, prized for its hardiness and resistance to drought.

White wine

Sherry is aged in the solera system, which consists of __ layers of barrels.

3

Wine from the middle layer is moved to the layer.

Bottom

New wine is added to the barrels in the _ layer.

top

The olive tree, Olea europaea, has been cultivated for thousands of years for…

Olive oil, fine wood, and the olive fruit

The earliest evidence for the domestication of olives comes from a…

Chalcolithic (Copper) Period archaeological site in modern Jordan

There are thousands of cultivars of Olea europaea. Spain alone produces more than __ different varieties of olives…

250

The Andalucian Horse is a horse breed from the…

Iberian Peninsula

Some authorities trace the origins of the fighting bull to wild bulls from the…

Iberian Peninsula and their use for arena games in the Roman Empire

Genetic studies have indicated that the breeding stock of fighting bulls have an unusual amount of DNA usually found in cattle in…

Africa

The Black Iberian pig is used to produce…

Jamón ibérico

Several breeds of white pig are used to produce…

Jamón serrano

The most commonly accepted theory is that the first pigs were brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the…

Phoenicians from the Eastern Mediterranean coast

The first pigs interbred with…

wild boars