Scrotum ITS Exam

How much do the testicles measure?

3.5 cm long

3 cm in diameter

2-4cm width

How do the testicles look like sonographically?

homogenous pattern with medium level echoes

What is The Mediastinum Testes?

It is a linear stripe running through in a craniocaudal direction

How will a Seminoma appear sonographically?

Hypoechoic

What is the primary blood supply source to the testicles?

From the testicular arteries

Where are the rete testes located?

At the hilum

Where are the appendix testes located?

At the superior pole in between the testes and the epididymis.

What are the testicles covered by?

A fibrous capsule called The Tunica Albuginea

What are intratesticular cysts known as?

Spermatoceles

What layers does a hydrocele effect?

parietal and visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis

What are hydroceles caused by?

caused by trauma, epididymo-orchitis, and torsion

What is the diameter of a Varicocele?

More than 2mm

How does a Varicocele appear ?

Appears as dilated, signupgenius, and elongated veins of the pampiniform plexus

What is the primary cause of Varicocele?

From incompetent valves in the spermatic veins

What is the secondary cause of Varicocele?

By compression of the spermatic veins

Where does the epididymis course through?

Courses superior and posterolaterally to the testes

Where may a spermatocele be found?

Within the head

How does the epididymis appear compared to the testes sonographically?

Appears hypoechoic compared to the testes

What does Epididymo-Orchitis cause?

Causes adult scrotal pain

Epididymo-Orchitis is secondary to what?

Epididymitis

What is Epididymo-Orchitis caused by?

Bladder infections on UTI’s

Where do undescended testes originate from?

In the retroperitoneum at the level of the fetal kidneys

Where may undescended testes be found?

In the inguinal canal

What can undescended testes cause?

They increase the risk of testicular malignancy (cancer)

What is most common cause of adolescent acute scrotal pain?

Torsion

What is the sonographic appearance of torsions?

poorly seen and no vascular flow

What are torsions most common with?

Undescended testes

How long does it take for torsions to repair?

After 12 hours and they carry poor prognosis for testicle outcome

What is an epididymal cyst?

A tubular ectasia of the rete testis

When are sperm granulomas most commonly found?

Following a vasectomy

How are Malignant Neoplasm seen sonographically?

seen as microlithiasis or multiple small calcifications

What is the annotation for the mid portion of right medial and left lateral breast?

3:00

What are the 3 layers of the breast?

Subcutaneous

Glandular (Mammary)

Retromammary (Muscle)

How many lobes does the functional portion of the breast have?

15-20 lobes

Blood supply to the central and medial portion is via the…

internal mammary

What is the extension of tissue into the axillary called?

Tail of Spence

Where does lymphatic drainage occur in the breast?

In the axillary lymph nodes

How does the retromammary layer appear sonographically?

Hypoechoic

What is the glandular tissue replaced with as women get older?

Fat

What is lumpy, pain and tenderness with monthly cycles known as?

Fibrocystic disease

What are Coopers Ligaments?

the fibrous skeleton responsible for the breast shape

Where are Coopers Ligaments sonographically?

they are echogenic surfaces in the subcutaneous layer

What is Breast Carcinoma?

A palpable mass

What is the primary purpose of breast screening?

Breast Carcinoma

What does Breast Carcinoma appear as sonographically?

irregular or speculated mammographic mass, and solid

What does breast Carcinoma look like on mammograms?

clustered pleomorphic microcalcifications and focal distortion on mammograms

What are the results of Breast Carcinoma?

skin dimpling is a result of retraction of tissue secondary to tumor infiltration

What does fibroadenoma look like sonographically?

smooth, sharply circumscribed hypoechoic mass with homogeneous echogenicity and mild posterior acoustic enhancement will usually be seen