VSEPER Geometries + d Orbital Shapes

Atomic geometry of Sp3d

trigonal bipyramidal

Molecular geometry of Sp3d (1 lone pair)

see-saw

How many lone pars does a see-saw shape have

1

What is the hybridization of a see-saw shape

Sp3d

atomic geometry of sp3d2

octahedral

molecular geometry of sp3d2 with 1 lone pair

square pyramid

dyz

dxy

dxz

dz^2

dx^2y^2

Hybridization of sp3d2 with 2 lone pairs

square planar

Angles in see-saw

Angles in square pyramid

Angles in Square planar

90

See-saw is…

The molecular geometry of a center atom with 5 electron domains one of which is a lone pair

How many electron domains are on a central atom with the atomic geometry trigonal bipyramidal

5

How many electron domains are there on a central atom with atomic geometry octahedral

6

Equation for bond order for Lewis Structures

B.O. = \[ number of bonds\] / \[number of "outer things'“\]

sp1 atomic geometry

linear

sp2 atomic geometry

trigonal planar

sp3 atomic geometry

tetrahedral

sp3d1 atomic geometry

trigonal bipyramidal

sp3d2 atomic geometry

octahedral

Equation for bond order for molecular orbitals

B.O. = 1/2 \[bonding electrons - anti-bonding electrons\]

atomic radius

the distance from the nucleus to the outermost electrons

Zeff

( Z - number of inner-shell electrons)

Ionization energy

the removal of one electron. Across a period it **increases** down a group it **decreases**

Planar nodes are characterized by the symbol

L

Formula for radial nodes

n - L - 1

Formula for total nodes

n-1

Writing empirical formula steps

1. g → m
2. divide all moles by smallest mole value
3. round or multiply to get whole numbers

Formula to get molecular formula

AMU (given) / total g/mol (real amu)

The limiting reagent is the value with the lowest x per x ratio

mole x coefficient

Theoretical yield will be

the smallest product from the given mols on the left side of the equation

mL is the ____ or the orbital

orientation

mL will always be __ and __

\-land l

ms is

electron spin, either -1/2 or 1/2

The planar node value determines the

shape of the electron.

s: l=0

p: l=1

d: l=2

f: l=3

Pauli’s principle

no two e’ will have the same 4 quantum numbers

Hund’s rule

electrons will fill up orbitals one at a time and only pair up once they are all half filled

Aufbau’s principle

orbitals will be filled from lowest to highest energy levels

Arrhenius Definition of Acids/Bases

Acid forms H+ ions in an aq solution

Base forms OH- in an aq solution.

Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases

An acid will donate protons to another polar substance

A base will accept protons from another polar substance

Lewis’ definition of acids and bases (lone pairs)

Acids: electron pair acceptors

Bases: electron pair donors

Vectors will go toward

terminal atoms from the central atom

A sigma bond has a ___ overlap

single

A pi bond has a ___ overlap

double

Bonds ____ an interaction between two atoms

stabilize

Antibonds _____ interactions between two atoms

destabilize

More overlap means more

energy

Name one advantage of the molecular orbital approach over the Lewis Structure approach

The molecular orbital theory predicts the paramagnetism of atoms.

Name 4 generally paramagnetic molecules

B2, O2, Al2, and S2

Molecular orbital diagrams will be abnormal if the atomic umber is ____. These structures are symmetrical in 2p bonding and anti-bonding structure.

less than 8

The conjugate base of a strong acid is a ____ acid

weak

The conjugate base of a week acid is a ___ base

strong

a complex is a

central metal ion surrounded by ligands

a ligand is

an ion or molecule that can donate a lone pair to the central metal ion

coordinate bond

the bond that forms when a ligand donates its pair of electron to the metal ion

Name the 3 combinations that are superimposable

MA4, MA3B, MA2B2, MA2BC

What combination is not superimposable and therefore optically active?

MABCD

Color depends on

1. identity of metal
2. oxidation state of metal
3. identity of ligand

Limitations of VSEPER

you can’t predict where the lone pairs belong