geography gcse - the changing economic world (paper 2)

what is development

an improvement in standard of living, income and quality of life

what is quality of life

access to goods and service (e.g. education, healthcare, clean water)

what are indicators of development important for (2)

• measure the level of development in a country

• classify countries according to IOD

what are 3 examples of economic IOD

• GDP per capita

• GNI per capita

• % employed in primary/secondary/tertiary sectors

what does GDP stand for

gross domestic product

what is GDP per capita

average income → value of all goods and services produced within a country

what does GNI stand for

gross national income

what is GNI per capita

value of all goods and services produced by a countries’ businesses (globally)

what are 7 examples of social IOD

• education/literacy rates

• healthcare

• % population with access to clean water, electricity, internet etc.

• life expectancy

• birth/death rate

• HDI

• infant mortality rate

what does HDI stand for

human development index

what is HDI

summary index of literacy rates, life expectancy and GDP/capita

what is death rates

no. of deaths per 1000 people (per year)

what is infant mortality rates

no. of babies (per 1000 live births) that die before the age of 1

what is birth rates

no. of births per 1000 people (per year)

as GNI increases, the birth rate…

decreases

why does birth rate decrease with increasing GNI? (4)

• families don’t need children to work

• better family planning

• better education and access to contraception

• in HIC’s, birth rate is low because children are expensive

as GNI increases, literacy rates…

increase

why do literacy rates increase with increasing GNI? (2)

• greater investment in education

• greater access to books/education (e.g. libraries, mandatory school systems)

as GNI increases, death rates…

decrease

why do death rates decrease with increasing GNI? (4)

• better access to healthcare

• better healthcare

• more balanced diets

• greater access to clean water

as GNI increases, infant mortality rates…

decrease

why do infant mortality rates decrease with increasing GNI? (2)

• regular vaccinations for babies in HIC

• improved healthcare → more people and babies survive

what is HIC

high income country

what is NEE

newly emerging economy

what is LIC

low income country

what is HDI calculated from (3)

GDP/capita, life expectancy, literacy rate

how is HDI measured

on a scale from 0-1

what is 0

lic

what is 1

hic

what are 3 indicators of development

life expectancy, literacy rate, GNI per head

what type of indicator is life expectancy

social

advantages of life expectancy (+ associated factors) (3)

1. infant mortality reflects healthcare + quality of life

2. provides information on healthcare

3. birth rate reflects on education, contraception, family planning

limitations of life expectancy (3)

1. accuracy of data can be unreliable in LICs

2. death rates are poor due to varying ages of population

3. birth rate can be influenced by gov policies (e.g. China)

what type of indicator is literacy rates

social

advantages of literacy rates (1)

shows no. of educated people/people in school

limitations of literacy rate (1)

other skills (e.g. farming, practical skills) are ignored, which may be more valuable to community

what type of indicator is gni/head

economic

advantages of gni/head as indicator (3)

1. allows comparison of countries (even if they are vastly different sizes)

2. takes population into comparison

3. provides information on education, employment, income

limitations of gni/head (4)

1. doesn’t talk about individual standard of life, or quality of life

2. many agricultural/craft products not included

3. currencies vary, changing value

4. those with high income affect data

why do HICs have increasing death rates (death rate greater than birth rate) (2)

1. diseases of wealth (e.g. obesity)

2. increasing aging populations

why is HDI useful (2)

1. takes into account a variety of factors (e.g. healthcare, education, income etc)

2. limitations are limited

what is demographic transition model used to show

how populations change over time as a country develops

what goes on the x axis of a dtm

time

what goes on the y axis of a dtm

total population + any other factor (e.g. birth rate/death rate)

stage 1 or 2 =

LIC

stage 3 =

NEE

stage 4 =

HIC

what does dtm not take into account (4)

1. gov policies

2. pandemics

3. wars

4. migration

what is an example of a region that is still in stage 2

sub-saharan africa

how is death rate in sub-saharan africa

low (lower then in UK) due to youthful population

how is birth rate in sub-saharan africa

high

what are 2 examples of regions that are stage 3

india, china

however, there can still be …

variation within a country

e.g. in richer parts of the uk, how is average death rate different to in poorer parts of the Uk

12 years older (due to factors like varied and balanced diet, less stress)

however, what is there in richer areas

higher risk of diseases of wealth (obesity) or heart diseases

what are 2 examples of countries in the world that are stage 5

japan, italy

what are 2 concerns with stage 5 regions

employment, economy

explain how dtm links to stages of economic development (4)

• stage 1: BR + DR high → LIC, poor healthcare/family planning

• stage 2 + 3: Decline in BR + DR → NEE, better sanitation + vaccinations, better education

• stage 4: BR + DR low → HIC

what are 3 main sectors of causes of uneven development (in Africa)

1. physical

2. historical

3. economic

what physical factors have caused uneven development? (3)

1. location

2. climate

3. extreme events

how has location caused uneven development

16/54 countries are landlocked, making trade difficult → have to rely on neighbouring countries for trade (could result in disputes or war if countries don’t agree)

how does climate cause uneven development (3)

• monsoon seasons can affect crops

• more climate-related diseases (e.g. malaria, ebola)

• global warming can affect crops

how do extreme events cause uneven development (2)

• events like hurricanes + droughts becoming more frequent → destroy crops, livestock, homes, trade (e.g. ports)

• must receive global aid from other countries → could end up in debt for decades

what historical factors cause uneven development

colonialism

how does colonialism cause uneven development (2)

• between 1800-1900, many european countries began taking control of Africa → British brought infrastructure (e.g. railways, roads, ports)

• however wealth derived went to colonial powers in other countries, leaving the economy poor

how is the economy now in africa

based around raw materials rather then manufacturing

what do these countries still have a lot of

political instability (e.g. Niger)

what economic factors have caused uneven development (4)

1. health + water quality

2. education

3. trade

4. political factors

how have health and water quality affected uneven development (2)

• clean water not always available

• water can be infectious (e.g. cholera, bilharzia)

who is particularly susceptible to Bilharzia

children playing in water + adults working in wet fields

is Bilharzia very dangerous

there is treatment if caught in time, but it can cause major problems (even death for adults)

how does education cause uneven development (2)

• costs money that some people can’t afford (e.g. In Uganda, uniforms are expensive)

• development requires a workforce sufficiently educated to be literate

how does trade cause uneven development (4)

• efficient trade requires infrastructure which poorer countries lack

• global trading policies dont favour the poor

• wealthier countries are part of trade blocs

• poorer countries usually export primary goods (which are cheap) → richer countries process these, adding value and making profit

what is a trade bloc

groups of wealthy countries which trade with eachother

how do political factors cause uneven development (2)

• corrupt governments may have workers diverting development funds into their own pockets

• lack of investment in education and health

assess the significance of factors that have caused uneven development (9 marks)

1. economic - highly significant → global trade, political corruption

2. physical - significant → climate + location, there are exceptions (e.g. USA)

3. historical - significant → its in the past

what is international migration

movement of people from one country to another

what is internal migration

movement of people within a country

what are 3 consequences of uneven development

1. disparities in wealth

2. disparities in health

3. migration

what does disparities in wealth include

money, opportunities, access to resources

disparities in wealth (3)

• despite global economic and social progress, bringing millions out of poverty, wealth disparity is growing

• within HICs and LICs, rich and poor are moving further apart economically

• some families get opportunities due to gov-funded education

disparities in health (3)

• life expectancy lower in LICs then HICs → reflects disease and incidences of war

• HICs offer better medical facilities, treatment and preventative care (e.g. vaccines)

• HICs often better at preventing diseases occurring

people migrate from LIC to

NEE and HIC

what is involuntary migration

migration to seek refuge from war, political unrest or natural disasters

what is an economic migrant

someone who moves to seek a better standard of living - voluntary

what do international migrants include

economic migrants and refugees

why do EU countries try to limit the no. of migrants

economic purposes → may not be enough jobs, could put a strain on services

advantages of migrants

fill jobs, multiplier effect, economic growth

what are the two types of development

bottom up and top down

what is bottom up development (3)

• government-led investment

• large scale

• may involve global financial institutions (e.g. World Bank)

what is bottom up development (4)

• community-led development

• involves local people in decision making

• low cost

• focus on skills (e.g. education, healthcare)

what are 3 top down strategies to reduce the development gap

1. Large Scale Investment (e.g. dams)

2. Large Scale Aid

3. Debt relief

what are advantages of large scale investments (2)

• provides jobs for locals

• provides Hydroelectric power

why is hydroelectric power good

• doesn’t release fossil fuels

• guaranteed energy for industry

what are disadvantages of large scale investment (4)

• people displaced due to flooding

• loss of farmland

• costly

• noise pollution during construction

what is large scale aid

funding coming into a poorer country from various sources (e.g. world bank) for development purposes

what are advantages of large scale aid (3)

• new infrastructure boosts economy

• increased quality of life

• benefits ‘trickle down’ from top to bottom in economy

disadvantages of large scale aid (3)

• often expensive to repay loans

• can be lost to corruption in gov

• can lead to exploitation

what is debt relief

writing off debts, or making payments lower for a longer period of repayment