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amino acids

building blocks of proteins

anemia

a deficiency of red blood cells (caused by lack of iron and vitamin B12)

carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods (4 calories/gram)

simple - table sugar

complex- fiber and starch

cholesterol

a type of fat made by the body from saturated fat (waxy substance / body creates enough chloestrol - created by liver)

LDL - bad cholesterol

HDL- good cholesterol (body can get rid of)

dehydration

An abnormally low amount of water in the body (lack of sodium)

overhydration

above normal amounts of water in extracellular spaces - kidneys cannot get rid of water

Hyponetremia

fats/lipid

a fatty substance that does not dissolve in water (9cal/gram)

fat soluable vitamins

absorbed along with fats in the diet, \[vitamins A, D, E, K\] stored for longer period of time

fiber

a form of complex carbohydrates from plants that humans cannot digest (helps with digestion / gets rid of LDL) (need 20-30 grams per day)

glucose

a simple sugar that is an important source of energy (simple carb)

glycogen

storage form of glucose (stored in polysaccharides of quick energy)

minerals

elements found in food that are used by the body (inorganic) (essentials - calcium and zinc)

trace minerals

minerals that are needed in very small amounts,

major minerals

Minerals present in the body in larger amounts, >100 mg

(ex. calcium)

nutrients

Substances in food that your body needs to grow, to repair itself, and to supply you with energy (helps body tissue)

nutrition

The study of the process by which your body takes in and uses food

osteoporosis

a condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily (lack of calcium) (rickets= lack of vitamin D)

protein

an organic macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body, bones, skin, hair, and nails, and for growth and repair (made of essential amino acids= some come from outside sources)

saturated fat

fat that is solid at room temperature (unhealthy)(cheese, red meat, or butter)

trans fat

an unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds (unhealthy) (liquid processed into a solid) (margarin)

unsaturated fat

a lipid made from fatty acids that are liquid at room temperature (olive oil, etc)

vitamin

organic molecule that helps regulate body processes, don't have any calories

fat soluble vitamin

a type of vitamin that is absorbed by the fat in your body (intake cannot be high) (ex. vitamin D, A, E, K)

water soluble vitamins

carried to the body's tissues but are not stored in the body, B and C (intake can be high)

calorie

how much energy we gain from a food

metabolism

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials to turn into energy

nutrient dense food

A food that contains lots of vitamins and minerals relative to the number of calories, but is low in saturated fat, trans fat, added sugar, and salt.( healthy carbs, lipids)

overnutrition

Too much food energy or excess nutrients to the degree of causing disease or increasing risk of disease

undernutrition

not consuming enough calories to be healthy; a form of malnutrition

empty calories

calories derived from food containing no nutrients. - no benefits

daily values

the recommended amounts of nutrients that a person should consume each day

foodborne infection

an illness caused by a bacteria, virus, or parasite that has contaminated a food (more dangerous) (something that already exists)

foodborne illness

(not deadly) a disease transmitted to people by food / (ex.food poisoning) caused when food is not prepared properly

monosaccharides

single sugar molecules

polysaccharides

large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides

lipids

fats and oils - amount of recommended intake according to a 2000 calorie intake (20-35%)

fatty acids

building blocks of lipids (necessary fatty acids - omega 3)

sport beverages

functional beverages whose stated purpose is to help athletes replace water, electrolytes, and energy by providing minerals not seen in normal water (provides sodium and carbs)

H2O

chemical formula for water - 8 cups of 8 oz

body temperature

the amount of heat in the body that is a balance between the amount of heat produced and the amount lost by the body, around 98.6 F (37 C) (97-98.9)

Hyponatremia

deficient sodium in the blood

diabetes

A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone required for the metabolism of sugar

(type 1- when you can’t create insulin)

(type 2- (creates too much) when you can’t absorb insulin)

amylase

Enzyme in saliva (and pancreas) that breaks the chemical bonds in starches

LDL

low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) too much gives risk of heart disease and stroke - body can’t get rid of it

HDL

high-density lipoprotein (good cholesterol) a lot can prevent heart disease and stroke - liver can process it

recommended amount of protein

10-35% of total calorie intake

recommended amount of carbohydrates

45-65% of total calories

recommended amount of lipids

20-35% of total calories