Chapter 7 section 1

The fice major types of close interactions are (symbioses)? These symbolic relationships help determine the?

Peredation paratism competition mutualism commensalism

Nature of communities

Is a powerfull force in the comunity

1 -Predation

Predatordef

Prey def

Predation influences, by? predation is also an effective?

Predations

The predetor captures kills and consues the other individual, the prey

Where and how species live by dertermining relationships in the food web

Regulator of teh population size

Predators prey natural selection

Addaptations improve the ? At? For e.x? These pits enable?even? More examples?Which provides what where?

Efficiency of predation at finding capturing and consuming prey

Rattle snake have acute sense of smell and specialized heat sensetiuve pits located below their nostril

Rattle snake to aim its strike at warm bodied prey acuratly even in the dark

The web of spiders the sharp teeth of wolves and coyotes, and the striped pattren of tigers coatr which provides camoflauge in the tIgers grassland habitat

Snake uses ? Diffrentiate between coral and king snakes? ( next pages)

Poisin to disable their prey trough sharp hollow fangs

The coral snake yellow and red colors are touching and it has a black snout

A predators survival depends on?And a preys survival ability to? Natural selection has favored ways for? ? ? E.xs? Frogs bright color?

Its ability to capture food, avoid being captured

Preys to escape or ward off predators

Flee when a predator aproaches and others escape detection by hiding or resembling as an in edible object

Mantis and frog is poisinious so its color warns other animals of its toxicity

What is important in anti predator defense? What are the two forms of mimicry?

2 def ?Mimicry? The harmless mimic is protected beacuse? For example? Another type of mimicry?e.x? This mimicry? Why?

Deception, a harmless species resembles a poisinous or distaste full species, often mistaken to be a dangerous look alike 1 resembling 2 look alike

The king snake which is not poisinous looks alike coral snake which its very poisinous

Two or more dangerous or distasteful species look similar

Waps and bees have similar pattrens of yellow and black stripes

Benefits both species, predator that encounters an individual of one species will avoid similar individuals

3 Plant herbivor interaction ?erbivors? Ecologists refers to the relantionship of plants and plant eating animals as?

Plants have evovled adaptation that protect them from being?such as? Can make? Plants have what type of defenses? They synthesize? From products of their?Called? That are?An example? Which is? Found in?Poison oak? Altough?many?

Animals that eat plants are herbivors

A form of predation, eaten? Sharp thorns spines sticky hairs nad tough leaves, the plant more tough to eat

Both physical and chemical defenses

Chemicals, metabolism, secondery compounds, poisinous irritating or bad tasting

Nicotine, toxic to insects and found in tobaco leaves, produces an iritating chemical that causes a rash on most people

Secondary compoubnds are usually toxic many have medical uses

Numbers of drugs like morphine and codiene are derived from the secondary compounds in plants

2 def? Parasitism, parasite, host, parasites can be into 2 general categoris based on? What are they? Examples?Parasites can have? What can ticks and te worms do?

Is a species interation that resembles predation in that one individual is harmed while the other individual benefits

The parasite feds on another individual known as the host, how they interact with their host

Ectoparasites are external parasites they live on their host but do not eneter the hosts body, ticks fleas lice leeches mosquitoes

Endoparasites are internal parasites and they live inside the hosts body

Disease casuing bacteria protists such as malaria parasites and tape worms, a strong negative empact on their host affecting both the healtha nd the reproduction of the host

Ticks can give them an infection or disease

By intenstial bloackage and robong the host of its nutritions

3 Competition

Competitiondef?, some spcies, so that?leaving?Ecologist use the principle of?to describe?

Results from the use of the same limited resource by two or more species, release toxins into the soil that prevent individuals of other species from benefitinf efficiently from it leaving less

Competitive exclusion to describe the siuations in which one species is iliminated from a comunity beacuse of teh competition for the sam resource

Competition and comunity structure

Competition has the potential?The composition of the comunity may change?Competetors also may evovle?

Competition is the most intense? When similar species coexits, this patren of resource is called? For example? Warlbers differ in?Each kind of warbler? As a result

To be an important influyence of the nature of teh comunity, through competitive exclusion, niche diffrences or anamotical diffrences that esens the intensity of competition, between closly related species that require the same resources, each species uses only part of the avialiable resources, resource partitioning

Warlbers that live in spruce and firtress and feed on insects, robert macarthur discovered that the warbles differ in where they foraged, each kind of warbler hunts for insects only in a particular section of the tree as a result competition among the species is reduced,

Mutualism and comensialism

Def? Mutualism, some are so close?E.x? What is the most important mutualistic relationships on earth? Animals such as?Polinate many? The plants usually? As the animals feeds in the flower? Which it will carry?

Is a cooperative relantionship in which both species derive some benefit, that one canot live without the other

Ants and bulls horns the ant nests inside the horns and recieves fppd frpm the plant and the ants protect the acacia from predation of herbivors and trim back vegetation that shades the shrub

Polination, bees butterflies flies and bettles bats and birds, flowering plants, provides food for its polinators

It picks up laods of pollen, to teh next flower of the same species

The example of the bat?

Bat are active at night and go by smell or sound so tehy dont go for highly colored plants but ones that have high fragrance as it feeds it becoems smeared with pollen and caries that pollen to another plant while eating it

Comensialism, ex?

Is an interaction which one is benefiting and teh other remains un harmed

Cattle egrets and cape buffalo in tanzania

The birds feed on small animals such as insects and lizards that are forced out of their hiding places by buffalos movement through the grass