Medical Terminology Honors : Chapter 4 Muscular System

muscul/o, my/o, myos/o

Combining form meaning muscular.

fasci/o

Combining form meaning Fascia.

Tendons

Combining form meaning ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

Muscular System

FUNCTIONS:

• Holding body erect and making movement possible

• Generating body heat

• Moving food through digestive system

• Assisting with blood flow

• Moving fluids through ducts/tubes associated with other body systems

Muscle Fibers

• Long, slender cells that make up muscles:

Ex: Skeletal Muscle, Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle

Fascia

•A band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles

•Flexible to allow muscle movements

Myofascial

Pertaining to the muscle and the fascia.

Tendons

•Narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue

•Attach muscles to bones

Skeletal Muscles

o Attached to the bones

o Make body motions possible

o Voluntary

Striated

Smooth muscles

o Located in the walls of internal organs, such as digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading to glands

o Move and control flow of fluids in these structures

o Involuntary

o Nonstriated

o Also known as visceral muscle

Myocardial muscle

oForms muscular walls of the heart

oProvides constant contraction and 

  relaxation causing the heartbeat

oInvoluntary

Muscle innervation

o Stimulation of muscle by impulse transmitted by a motor nerve

o Stimulation stops = muscle relaxation

Contraction

Tightening of a muscle causing it to become shorter and thicker.

Relaxation

Returning to original form, muscle becomes longer and thinner

Contracts , Relaxes

When one muscle of the pair ________________ , the opposite muscle of the pair _____________ .

Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.

Flexion

oDecreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint

Extension

o Increasing the angle between two bones by straightening out of a limb

Hyperextension

o Overextension of a limb beyond normal limit

Elevation

o Raising or lifting of a body part

Depression

o Lowering a body part

Ab-

Prefix meaning away from.

Duct

Term meaning lead.

-ion

Suffix meaning action.

Flex-

Term meaning to bend.

Ex-

Prefix meaning to be away from.

tens-

Term meaning to stretch out.

Rotation

Circular movement around an axis.

Circumduction

Circular movement at the far end of a limb.

Supination

Act of rotating arm or leg so that palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward.

Pronation

Act of rotating arm or leg so that palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.

Dorsiflexion

Movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle.

Plantar flexion

Movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle.

oOrigin

oInsertion

oAction

oLocation

oFiber direction

oNumber of divisions

oSize or shape

Muscles may be named according to their……

Frontalis

One of the muscles of the head that raises / lowers eyebrows.

Temporalis

One of the muscles of the head that moves lower jaw up and back to close the mouth.

Masseter

Moves lower jaw up to close the mouth while chewing.

Pectoralis major

The select muscles of trunk known as the chest muscles.

External oblique / internal oblique

The select muscles of trunk known as the abdominal muscles.

Rectus abdominis

The select muscles of trunk that assists in breathing.

Transverse Abdominis

The select muscles of trunk that assists with laughing or coughing.

Deltoid

The Muscular cap of the shoulder.

Trapezius

Moves head and shoulder blade.

Biceps Brachii

Flexes the elbow.

Triceps Brachii

Extends elbow.

Quadriceps Femoris

The muscles of legs where the group of four ; flex and extend leg at the knee.

Hamstring Group

The muscles of leg where the group of three flex the knee and extends teh hip.

Gastrocnemius

Calf muscle that flexes knee and bends foot downward.

Exercise Physiologist

Develops, implements, coordinates exercise programs with physician supervision.

Occupational Therapist

Enables patient with the activities of daily life.

Physiatrist

Specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation.

Physical Therapist

Provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function.

Sports Medicine Physician

Specializes in sports-related injuries.

Fasciitis

The inflammation of fascia.

Fibromyalgia

The chronic condition characterized by fatigue and pain.

Tenosynovitis

Inflammation of sheath surrounding a tendon.

Tendinitis

The inflammation of tendons due to overuse.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

o Unknown cause

o Affects many body systems

o Profound fatigue not improved by bed rest and may be worsened by physical or mental activity

Adhesion

Band of fibrous tissue holding structures together abnormally.

Atrophy

Weakness / wearing away of body tissues and structures.

Myalgia

Tenderness or pain in the muscles.

Myocele

Herniation of a muscle through tear in the fascia.

-cele

Suffix meaning a hernia.

Myolysis

Degeneration of muscle tissue.

Myorrhexis

Rupture / tearing of a muscle.

-rrhexis

Suffix meaning rupture.

Polymyositis

Inflammation / weakening of voluntary muscles.

Rhabdomyolysis

Causes death of muscle fibers.

rhabdomy/o

Combining forms of striated muscle.

Sarcopenia

o Loss of muscle mass/strength/function

Sarc/o

Combining form meaning flesh.

-penia

Suffix meaning deficiency.

Atonic

Lacking normal muscle tone.

A-

Prefix meaning without.

ton

Root word meaning tone.

-ic

Suffix meaning pertaining to.

Dystonia

Impairment of voluntary muscle movement.

Dys-

Prefix meaning bad.

-ia

Suffix meaning condition.

Hypotonia

Diminished tone of the skeletal muscles.

Hypo-

Prefix meaning deficient.

Ataxia

Lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement.

tax-

Root word meaning coordination.

Contracture

o Permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, skin

o Elastic connective tissues get replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues

Intermittent Claudication

Pain in leg muscles occurring during exercise and relieved by rest.

Spasm

Sudden, involuntary contraction of muscle(s).

Myoclonus

Involuntary jerking of muscle(s).

-clon

Root word meaning violent action.

-us

Suffix meaning singular noun ending.

Singultus

o Myoclonus of diaphragm

o Hiccups

Cramp

Painful localized spasm.

Torticollis

Stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of neck muscles.

Bradykinseia

Extreme slowness in movement.

Brady-

Prefix meaning slow.

Kines-

Root word meaning movement.

Dyskinesia

The impairment of voluntary movement.

Hyperkinesia

Abnormal increased muscle function or activity.

hyper-

Prefix meaning excessive.

Mysthenia Gravis

• Chronic autoimmune disease

• Affects neuromuscular junction causing weakness of voluntary muscles