Videnskabsteori Module D

Controversy Analysis

What are the the two quintessential principles in Controversy Analysis.

Symmetry and interpretative flexibility

What is Symmetry in Controversy Analysis

Symmetry means explaining both correct and incorrect beliefs using the same analytical approach, without assuming one is automatically rational and the other is not.

What is Interpretative flexibility

Interpretative flexibility means that scientific knowledge and technology can be understood differently by different people, so agreement is shaped socially, not just by science itself.

What is deductive coding

Deductive coding connects description and explanation by applying predefined categories to data, helping organise and interpret it systematically

What must the deductive coding include

Transparency (results of the transpartent),

Systematicity (follows documented theory-derived criteria),

Reflexivity (we can make our positions explicit)

Values: What is an order of worth

higher common principle

Whats on Boltanski and Thevenot orders of worth list

Inpired, domestic, Fame, Civic, Market, Industrial and Ecological

What are the core values and justification of the order of worth: Inspired" and the example from the powerpoint.

Core values: Creativity, originality, vision, authenticity
Re-definition of atomic energy as “friendly” civil technology with “magical” powers after its military use in WWI

What is the example on Ecological order of worth from the powerpoint

Example: Push for including nuclear energy into carbon-free climate solutions by “Nuclear for Climate” initiatve ahead of COP21 in 2015

What includes the 2nd level code of Values

Speaker, Addressee, Content and Justification (or critique if against)

What does the risk assesment matrix contain

Severity (Catastrophic, Critical, Marginal, Negligible)

Probability (Frequent, Probable, Occasional, Remote, Improbable, Eliminated)

What did Mary Douglas talk about with the Cultural theory of risk

An Essay on the selection of Technological and environmental dangers risk and culture

What model is used for risk

The Grid/Group method

What does the Group dimension consist of in the model used for risk

Less group emphazize individualism and autonomy
More group emphazise strong bonds and collective identity

What does the Grid dimension consist of in the model used for risk

High grid means strong hierarchy with clearly defined social roles
Low grid means more fluid and less regulated social environment

What are the 4 stereotypical forms of social solidarity to risk from Tansey and O'riordan

Fatalist (high grid, low group), Hierarchists (high grid, high group), Individualists (low grid, low group) and Egalitarians (low grid, high group)

What is a Fatalist perception and philosophy of nature

Perception: strict rules, limited social interaction. Often powerlesss vs external forces. Outcomes beyon their control. Accepts risks as inevitable

Philosophy: Nature is capricious (unpredictable). Come what may

What is a Hierarchists perception and philosophy of nature

Perception: strict social rules, clear rules + storn social bonds. Trust establishes authorties and experts to manage risks. Nature seen as robut bu require careful management

Philosophy: Nature is tolerent within limits (perverse). Manage and regulate.

What is a Individuallists perception and philosophy of nature

Perception: personal autonomy, minimal rules, individual freedoms, se risks as opportunities for innovation. Markets and personal responsability are the best way to manage them. Nature seen as resillient

Philosophy: Nature is resilient. Go for it.

What is a egalitarians perception and philosophy of nature

Perception: Prioritize collective decision-making, shared resources, and a sense og community. Often distrust hierarchies and commetcial interest, viewing nature as fragile and easily disrupted by human acticity.

Philosophy: Nature is vulnerable. Better safe than sorry (precautionary principle)

What are the 2nd level code used for risk

Risk object (what is made risky?),

risk subject (who or what is at risk?),

risk response (What should be done about the risk?),

type of risk perception (Which rationality of risk perception does this fit best)

What are the different types of politics

Distributive, Recognition and Procedure

What type of politics is the Robert Mose's bridge and example of

Distributive politics

What Winners mean when there's a controversy around distributive politics.

Benefits and harms of technology are distributed acroos social groups

What is Recognition politics that Mauldin talks about

It is a conflict about who should be recognized to define the politics to solve the problem fx deafnees

What is Procedural politic from Jasanoff

Specific and contestable styles of how societies produce, test, and authorize public knowledge for collective decision making.

What is the 2nd level Coding schema for Politcs

Demanding actors (who makes teh demand),

Target actor (Towards whom is the demand directed),

Demand (what is being demanded)

Types of Politics (What kind of politics does the demand speak to?)

Expertise: What is the difference between risk and uncertainty

Risk assumes the possible outcomes are known well enough to be listed, describer and sometimes assigned probabiltities

Uncertainty we know we do not know enough to define the relevant futures in advance

What is an overflow in the context of Expertise

An overflow happens when a technical project spills over into wider social, political, ethical or ecomomico sparking a sociotecgnical controversy.

What is the difference between specialized expertise and lay expertise?

Specialised is certified an contributory.
Lay expertise relue on experiential knowledge and credibility work

What are the to axes is the Model of expertises inspired by Collin & Evans and Dickel & Franzen

y-axis Certified -> non-certified
x-axis Interactive -> Contributory.

What is meant by the certification in the model of expertise

Extent to which expertise is attested and formalized through institutions, status, educational ranks, disciplinary knowledge systems, paradigms, methods etc

What is meant by interactive vs. contributory in the model of expertise

Extent to which expertise seeks to produce new specialized knowledge through hands-on practice OR competently understand, aggregate, coordinate, discuss, speak about specialized knowledge without hands on experience

What are the four types of expert positions

Certified broker Advisory expertise (interactive, certified)

Professional Scientist Scietnific or technical expertise (Contributory, certified)

Activist Advocacy expertise (Interactive, Non-certified)

Amateur scientist Experiential knowledge (Contributory, Non-certified)

What is closure meant by Callon in the context of expertise.

closure in an uncertain world should not mean ending the controversy through one final, authoritative decision

What is important for an analyst when looking at expertise

Watch out for closing or opening moves in the debate: Does a statement aim to open up new questions/solutions or settle the debate

What is the 2nd level coding schema

Concerned actors,

problem,

evidence,

Closing/opening,

Type of expertise