AP test questions???

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of

Glycogen.

A chain of 25 amino acids would be called a

C. polypeptide

A long chain of simple sugars would be a

A. polysaccharide.

Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the

C. removal of a water molecule between each two units.

Globular proteins

B. exhibit tertiary structure.

The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are

B. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction where water is

B. added to break a bond

A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis.

False

Creates many structures of cells and the body. Also important in many cellular reactions.

Proteins

Source of food for cells to produce energy.

Carbohydrates

Source of stored energy. Also the main component of cell membranes.

Lipids

Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and prepares them for transport.

Golgi apparatus

Breaks down bacteria, viruses, toxins, nonfunctional organelles, and non-useful tissue among other things.

Lysosomes

Supports the cell & gives it shape and is involved in intracellular movements and cellular movements. It forms centrioles, cilia, & flagella.

Microtubules

Braces and strengthens the cell surface and is involved in contraction & other movements like endocytosis and exocytosis.

Microfilaments

Resists tension (pulling forces) acting on the cell.

Intermediate filaments

Organizes a microtubule network to form spindle & asters during mitosis and also forms the bases of cilia and flagella.

Centrioles

Shorter, hair-like, and more numerous motile cellular extensions that help move substances in one direction across cell surfaces.

Cilia

Singular, longer, and whip-like motile cellular extension that propels a cell.

Flagellum

Increases plasma membrane surface area for absorption.

Microvilli

Provides most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration.

Mitochondrion

Synthesizes proteins.

Ribosomes

The site of protein synthesis & transport and also synthesizes phospholipids.

Rough ER

Catalyzes reactions such as lipid & steroid synthesis & lipid metabolism.

Smooth ER

Control center of the cell that contains the genetic information and provides instructions on how to make proteins.

Nucleus

Separates the cytoplasm from the nucleoplasm and regulates what can enter or leave the nucleus.

Nuclear envelope

Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids & regulates what can enter or leave the cell. It acts as a site of cell-to-cell interaction and recognition & plays a dynamic role in cellular activity.

Plasm membrane

Which of the following statements best describes angular movements?

They increase or decrease the angle between two bones.

Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of

hyperextension.

Bending the foot towards the shin.

Dorsiflexion

Sole of the foot turns laterally.

Eversion

Increasing the angle of a joint to move the bones farther apart.

Extension

Decreasing the angle of a joint to bring the bones closer together.

Flexion

Pointing the toes or standing on tip toes.

Plantar flexion

Rotating the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces inferiorly

Pronation

Turning a bone around it's own long axis.

Rotation

Rotating the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces superiorly.

Supination

Moving limb away from the midline along the frontal plane.

Abduction

Moving a limb towards the midline on the frontal plane.

Adduction

Moving a limb around to draw a cone in space

Circumduction

Dropping a body part inferiorly.

Depression

Lifting a body part superiorly.

Elevation

Moving the thumb towards the other fingers on the same hand

Opposition

Anterior movement in the transverse plane

Protraction

Posterior movement in the transverse plane

Retraction

Muscle that stabilizes the origin of another muscle.

Fixator

Muscle that provides the major force for a particular movement

Prime mover

Muscle that opposes and reverses the action of another muscle

Antagonist

Muscle that aids another by promoting the same movement

Synergist

Deltoid

shape

pectoralis major

Relative size

triceps brachii

Number of origins

Temporalis

Location

external oblique

Direction of muscle fibers

Sternocleidomastoid

Attachment location

depressor labii inferioris

action

How do muscles operate in the body?

All muscles only pull.

How does a muscle move?

The insertion moves towards the origin.

Which of the following is true regarding the location of antagonist muscles compared to prime movers?

If the antagonist is proximal to the joint, then the prime mover is proximal to the joint. AND

If the antagonist is located on the anterior side of the joint, then the prime mover is located on the posterior side of the joint.

B

Globular Protein

C

Polysaccharide 

E

Nucleotide

2

guanine

A structure that is composed of 2 or more tissues would be:

an organ.

What a structure can do depends on its specific form. This is the:

principle of complementarity of structure and function.

Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex:

1. molecules

2. atoms

3. tissues

4. cells

5. organ

2-1-4-3-5

Rids the body of nitrogen containing wastes.

Urinary system

Provides support for the body and levers for muscles to work on.

Skeletal system

Site of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the body.

Respiratory system

Responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses

Nervous system

Directly causes mechanical motion.

Muscular system

Protects underlying organs from mechanical damage and synthesizes vitamin D

Integumentary system

Produces antibodies that neutralize foreign substances.

lymphatic/immune system

Regulates the body with chemical molecules called hormones.

Endocrine system

Breaks down ingested foodstuffs so they can be absorbed.

Digestive system

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.

Cardiovascular system

The plasma membrane is

a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell.

A special impermeable junction that prevents substances from passing between cells.

Tight junction

A special nexus junction that allows chemicals to pass from cell to cell for communication.

Gap junction

A protein that receives a 1st messenger outside the cell which eventually causes the release of a 2nd messenger inside the cell that causes a response.

G protein-linked receptor

A special anchoring junction that prevents cells from being pulled apart.

Desmosome

Glycoproteins in cell membrane for anchoring, moving, sensing, and communicating.

cell adhesion molecule

Once a material is phagocytized and placed in a vacuole, what best describes what happens next?

A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the material.

Passive membrane transport processes include

movement of a substance down its concentration gradient.

The division of the cytoplasm.

Cytokinesis

The active process of bringing large molecules into the cell from the outside.

endocytosis

The active process of discharging particles from inside the cell to the outside.

Exocytosis

The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration.

osmosis

Which of the following best describes the sodium-potassium pump?

3 sodium ions are pumped out of the cell for every 2 potassium ions pumped in.

Which of the following would NOT be a constituent of a plasma membrane?

messenger RNA

DNA replication

occurs during interphase.

A gene can be best defined as

a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for a particular polypeptide.

Adds the complementary RNA nucleotides and joins them together to make RNA.

RNA polymerase

Makes up ribosomes and is the site for protein synthesis.

Ribosomal rna

Recognizes and binds to specific amino acids and carries them to the protein synthesis site.

Transfer RNA

Carries the genetic info of DNA for the exact sequence of amino acids of the polypeptide to be made.

Messenger RNA

The division of the nucleus.

Mitosis

The copying of DNA.

Replication

Decoding the mRNA info into a polypeptide chain.

Translation

List or describe the 6 characteristics of epithelial tissue.

Cellularity,

Special contacts,

Polarity,

Basement membrane,

Avascular but innervate,

Regenerative