ap psych unit 2

WEB Association

Honey, dog food, chips, ice cream, bread, turkey, coffee

Darwin + Germany

1859, 1954, 1974, 1990, 2014

Inattentional blindness and selective attention

Selectively attend to one thing

Block out the rest

→ don’t see the obvious (inattentional blindness)

Change blindness - when something changes and you don’t notice

Gestalt

Form, whole

Figure-ground

Separate faces from background

Figure (face) - background

Remember chalice

Depth perception

Binocular and monocular cues

Ability to perceive three dimensional space, judge distance of objects

Monocular cues

1. Relative Size

2. Linear Perspective

3. Interposition

4. Relative clarity

5. Texture gradient

6. Motion parallax

Perceptual constancy

Sanvis car

Ability to perceive objects as having stable and unchanging size, shape, and color despite sensory input on distance, angle and lightning

Lightness constancy

WHITE AND BLACK

Child calls both basketball and ping pong “tennis” because they all fit into existing idea of racket sport

Assimilation

Not recognizing a penguin as a bird because it doesn’t match your mental image

Prototype

Using a shortcut like a search function instead of checking every file folder, shows the use of ?

Heuristics

Choosing someone who “looks kind” when asking for help demonstrates

Representative heuristic

Failing to remember instructions because you were thinking about something else is most likely

Failure of encoding

Recalling material better when tested in same setting where you studied shows

Context dependency

Gamblers fallacy

Ignoring losses 🤑🤑🤑

A child who twists every door handle after learning one door opens that way shows

Mental set

After watching the news about disasters

Availability heuristic

Perceptual adaptation

Adapt to constant stimulus over time

Concepts

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas or people

Schemas

Mental molds, concepts for our experiences

Prototype

Mental image/ideal/best example of a category (ex. House)

If you leave, what happens?

• harder to recognize, thinking slows down, category boundaries blur

Convergent thinking

Ability to find ONE single answer

→ converge ←

Divergent thinking

Ability to consider many different options, think in novel ways

Algorithm vs heuristic

A: Bunch of keys, trying each one (trial and error)

H: simpler thinking strategies

Insight

Aha moment suddenly realizing

Intuition

Intuitive mental shortcuts

Subconscious

Mental set

Tendency to approach a problem w mindset of what worked previously

Recall

Conscious awareness learned at an earlier time (fill in the blank)

Recognition

Identifying issues previously learned

Multiple choice test

Sensory memory

Brief, temporary storage of incoming sensory info before it’s passed onto short term memory.

A snapshot of the sensory world.

Short term/working memory

7+-2 temporary stance of small amount of info for a 15-30 sec period

Ex phone numbers

Long term memory

Permanent storage system

Long term potentiation (LTP)

Increased efficiency of potential neural firings.

LTP = Long Tree (→Forest) Path

Explicit memories

Consciously known facts and experiences (semantic & episodic)

Implicit memories

Procedural, automatic, unconscious

Effortful processing examples

Chunking, mnemonics, hierarchy

Automatic processing

Unintentional maintenance rehearsal

Implicit

Iconic memory

SENSORY memory of VISUAL stimuli

What is an icon in kpop? A visual! Sensational!

Bonus what’s echoic memory

Episodic vs procedural memories

Episodic → experiences, emotions

Procedural memory → ability to learn and do things ex. natural piano playing.

Working memory

Short term memory that works with long term to retrieve stuff

Alan Baddeley’s model of work by memory

Central executive

1. Phenological loop

• words and numbers

2. episodic butter

3. Visual spatial sketchpad

Semantic vs episodic (and both are…)

General knowledge facts → semantic

Experience → episodic

BOTH ARE… CONSCIOUS memories

Short term memories (brain part)

Hippocampus

Implicit unconscious memories brain part

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

Motor movement and procedural memories

What are procedural memories?

Knowing how to do something

Flashbulb memories

Mental snapshots for shocking events

Encoding specificity principle

Specific cues must effectively trigger one’s memories

Context dependent

Dependent on context, location time

Go back to camp and remember all the memories

State dependent is what

Mood congruent memory

Interleaving is:

Mix diff topics into a course

that boosts long term retention and protects overconfidence

Anterograde amnesia

Can’t remember present

Retrograde amnesia

Can’t remember retro (past)

Proactive interference

You being proactive and learning old material, interferes w new material though

Retroactive interference

New learning interferes w past info

Elizabeth Loftus did what

Power of suggestion