global cities

What are global cities characterized by in the 21st century?

They occupy an important position on the global map, extending trade, markets, and capacity to attract immigration.

What does NIDL stand for?

New International Division of Labor.

What has caused the emergence of global cities?

Economic restructuring, social restructuring, and physical restructuring.

Which sectors dominate the New Economy influencing global cities?

Advanced service sectors such as banking, financial, managerial, and legal services.

What factors measure global cities today?

Seats of corporate headquarters, levels of business activity, and the presence of multinational firms.

How has urban restructuring affected older industrial cities?

It transformed cities like London and New York since the 1970s and 80s, focusing on advanced services.

What is meant by the 'physical restructuring' of global cities?

Changing urban landscapes characterized by vertical districts and left-out horizontal districts.

How have new global cities in the East developed without urban restructuring?

They engaged in image building and remaking the built environment.

What role do government policies play in urban restructuring?

They provide funding and facilitate strategies aimed at catering to firms and overcoming local opposition.

What is the significance of the location of Fortune 500 firms in global cities?

It signifies the concentration of business resources and influence in those cities.

What does the term 'New International Division of Labor' (NIDL) refer to?

The shift of manufacturing activities from developed to developing regions of the world.

What are some key forces shaping the New International Division of Labor?

MNCs seeking new markets, cost of land and labor, and national policies of both developed and developing countries.

What is the significance of Global Cities in the late 20th century according to Sassen?

Global Cities exhibit social connectivity, efficiency through geographic concentration, and denationalized elites.

How have international firms changed their identities in modern times?

They are increasingly losing national identities and gaining a global identity.

What characterizes the 'Old' International Division of Labor in the early 20th century?

A system where core industrialized areas supplied raw materials from peripheral underdeveloped areas.

In recent times, what is meant by 'Core-Periphery' in the global economy?

Core areas are industrialized markets, semi-peripheries are rapidly industrializing nations, and peripheries are agrarian and politically weak countries.

What are the ongoing conflicts in Global Cities?

Conflict between old actors (businesses and individuals) and new actors claiming rights and imposing new identities on the city.

What issues are increasing in Global Cities according to the lecture?

Conflict, inequality, and a growing share of disadvantaged populations.

What are the two significant districts identified in urban restructuring?

The Vertical and The Horizontal.

What is a key conflict present in global cities?

Conflict between old actors (businesses, firms, individuals) and new actors imposing new claims.

What are the implications of global cities becoming places of conflict?

They are experiencing growing inequality, conflicts, and contradictions.

Who are the 'old actors' in the context of urban restructuring?

Businesses, firms, and individuals struggling for recognition and identity.

What do 'new actors' bring to the global cities?

They impose new claims and new identity on the city.

What challenge does the growing share of disadvantaged population in global cities present?

It contributes to increasing inequality and social conflict.

What are the seven interrelated theses of the world city hypothesis?

They examine the impact of global economic forces on urbanization, focusing on cities' integration with the world economy, functions, migrations, and their roles as capital accumulation sites.

What is considered a critical factor in defining a city within the context of the world city hypothesis?

A city is defined as a spatially integrated economic and social system at a specific location or metropolitan region.

What determines the functions assigned to a city in the new spatial division of labor?

The mode of integration with the world capitalist system and the city's historical, national, and cultural context.

How do semi-peripheral states typically respond to regional inequalities?

They often focus on regional development issues, territorial integration, and may experience civil unrest and conflict.

What is a primary mechanism for world cities' integration into the global economy?

The specific forms, intensity, and duration of the urban economy's relations with global markets for capital, labor, and commodities.

What factors contribute to contemporary urban change according to Friedmann?

Changes in metropolitan functions, labor markets, and physical forms are primarily driven by external forces and global capital flows.

How do world cities function within the global hierarchy?

They serve as 'basing points' for global capital, allowing for the spatial organization of production and markets.

What is a notable characteristic of the labor force in world cities?

A dichotomized labor force with a high percentage of professionals in control functions alongside many low-skilled workers.

What role do world cities play in the concentration of international capital?

They are major sites for capital accumulation and control, though there are exceptions like Tokyo that limit foreign investments.

Which countries are mentioned as having restrictive immigration policies impacting world cities?

Japan and Singapore are highlighted for their stringent rules, while the USA is noted for its relatively open immigration policies.

What is spatial polarization in world cities?

Spatial polarization refers to the widening gap in wealth, income, and power between different regions, particularly evident between core countries and peripheral economies.

What are the three scales of spatial polarization?

The three scales are global, regional, and metropolitan.

What typically characterizes regional income gradients in core countries?

In core countries, regional income gradients are relatively smooth, with differences between high and low income regions rarely exceeding 1:3.

How does spatial polarization manifest in metropolitan areas?

It appears as spatial segregation, such as poor inner-city ghettos, suburban squatter housing, and ethnic working-class enclaves.

What are the three principal facets of class polarization in world cities?

Huge income gaps between transnational elites and low-skilled workers, large-scale immigration, and structural job evolution trends.

What sectors do low-wage occupations predominantly fall into in world cities?

Low-wage occupations are mainly in low-skilled jobs, personal and consumer services, and low-wage manufacturing.

How does the influx of foreign workers affect job markets in world cities?

It creates a rise in low-paid, predominantly non-unionized jobs across various sectors due to downward wage pressure.

What fiscal challenges do world cities face due to rapid growth?

They experience massive needs for housing, education, health, and welfare that exceed the state's fiscal capacity.

Why do poorer populations tend to lose out in competitive struggles for resources in world cities?

Because the political power dynamics favor transnational capital and dominant social elites who prioritize their own claims for urban amenities.

What systemic issue arises from capitalist accumulation in relation to vulnerable populations?

The burdens of capitalist accumulation are shifted onto the politically weakest sectors of the population.

What is the dictionary meaning of migration?

The act of movement.

What are the key terms related to the direction of migration?

In-migration, Immigration, In-migrant, Out-migration, Emigration, Out-migrants.

What historical period was characterized by waves of rural to urban migration?

The Industrial Revolution.

What major trend in migration was observed in Chicago in 2016?

Chicago shed an estimated 22,000 people.

Which regions gained new residents post-recession?

The Sunbelt regions such as Phoenix and Orlando.

What are push factors in migration?

Conditions that drive people to leave their home country.

Give an example of an extreme push factor.

The Irish Potato Famine of 1845-1849.

What are pull factors in migration?

Conditions that attract people to move to a new area.

What small group has been relocating in response to climate change fears?

Some Americans moving to places like New England or the Appalachian Mountains.

Define brain drain in the context of migration.

Emigration of highly skilled or educated individuals from one region to another.

What is reverse brain drain?

Highly skilled individuals returning to their home country after gaining education/experience abroad.

What type of migration is characterized by legal permits?

Legal Migration.

What is illegal migration?

Undocumented migration that occurs without legal permission.

How many Irish migrants came to US cities between 1820 and 1975?

4.7 million Irish migrants.

What was a significant impact of the Irish Famine on US cities?

Massive urbanization and an influx of Irish immigrants.

Name some US cities that received a large number of Irish immigrants during the 1840s.

New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Toronto, and Chicago.

What was the impact of the Irish Potato Famine on Toronto's population in the 1850s?

The population swelled from 20,000 to 58,000 due to the arrival of Irish immigrants.

What were the living conditions like for textile factory workers in early 19th century England?

They faced urban congestion, fewer jobs, lower wages, exploitation, child labor, and poor living conditions in migrant enclaves.

What was a significant effect of migration on European cities in the 19th century?

The growth of migrant enclaves despite minimal overall city growth, averaging only 0.2% per year.

What health crisis was exacerbated by poor living conditions in industrial cities?

Frequent outbreaks of cholera due to contaminated water.

What planning movements emerged in response to migration and urban conditions in the 19th century?

Sanitation reform movement, Urban parks movement, Housing reform movement.

What were the main causes of migration listed in the notes?

Persecution, conflict, generalized violence, or human rights violations.

What record level of global forced displacement was noted by the United Nations in 2015?

50.5 million people displaced due to various crises.

What percentage of unexplained population growth in cities is attributed to migration?

Migrants (legal and illegal) contribute significantly to urban population growth.

What has been a major response of urban areas to the refugee crisis?

Cities are adopting a model for integrating refugees into urban areas rather than isolating them in camps.

What is a key issue faced by many cities regarding illegal immigration?

Cities struggle with high levels of social tension due to competition for jobs between immigrants and natives.

What are the estimated numbers of illegal entrants to the U.S. per year?

Estimated to be between 600,000 to 800,000 illegal entrants annually.

What is one risk associated with illegal immigration?

Migrants face various risks during the migration process including dangerous travel routes.

What is necessary for countries like Japan to address labor shortages?

Japan needs to import approximately 600,000 workers annually due to local labor force gaps.

What are some push factors driving illegal immigration?

Severe economic and social conditions in migrants' native countries.

How do global cities relate to illegal immigration?

Global cities serve as key destinations for illegal or undocumented migrants.

What events led to the Rohingya refugee crisis?

Violence against the Rohingya, a Muslim minority in Burma, has driven over half a million to flee to Bangladesh.

What did UN High Commissioner Filippo Grandi emphasize during the General Assembly regarding refugees?

Grandi emphasized that inclusion of refugees in urban areas is essential for effective management.

What is an ethnic enclave?

An immigrant group that concentrates in a distinct spatial location and organizes enterprises serving their own ethnic market and/or the general population.

When did the term 'ethnic enclave' first emerge in sociological literature?

In 1967, as noted by Hanna and Hanna.

What is a key characteristic of ethnic enclaves?

A significant proportion of the immigrant workforce is employed in enterprises owned by other immigrants.

Who is credited with defining ethnic enclaves in 1981?

Portes.

Name an example of an ethnic enclave in the United States.

Little India in Chicago.

What is the United Nations' definition of a slum household?

A group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following: durable housing, sufficient living space, easy access to safe water, access to adequate sanitation, and security of tenure.

What regions contain more than 85% of the world's slum dwellers?

South Central and Southeast Asia, Eastern Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa.

What was the proportion of the urban population living in slums from 2014 to 2018?

The proportion increased from 23% to 24%.

How many people globally live in slums as of recent statistics?

More than 1 billion people, or one in eight people.

Which areas are noted for having the highest number of slum dwellers?

Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (370 million), sub-Saharan Africa (238 million), and Central and Southern Asia (226 million).

What impact did the pandemic have on slum dwellers?

The pandemic worsened their plight, increasing the number of slum dwellers and deteriorating living conditions.

What are two factors missing from the UN definition of slums?

Poverty and education.

What are the main preconditions for slum formation in global cities?

High population density, poverty, lack of jobs, and limited resources for the poor.

What is the significance of the slum Dharavi in Mumbai?

Dharavi is the 2nd largest slum in Asia and the 3rd largest slum in the world, with a population between 500,000 to 1 million.

What unique economic characteristics does Dharavi possess?

Dharavi has an active informal economy with an annual turnover estimated in the hundreds of millions of USD, consisting of 5,000 businesses and 15,000 single-room factories.

What were the historical influences on Mumbai, formerly known as Bombay?

Mumbai was influenced by Portuguese and British colonial rule and became an important port city.

What notable architectural feature is mentioned in relation to the extreme wealth in Mumbai?

Antilia, a single-family home estimated to be worth $2.6 billion, exemplifies the extreme disparity in wealth.

How does the population density of Dharavi compare on a global scale?

Dharavi's population density is approximately 277,136 people per square kilometer, making it one of the most densely populated areas in the world.

What is the prevailing perception of slums, and what is the reality as observed in Dharavi?

While slums are often viewed negatively, Dharavi operates as a fully functioning economy with a focus on recycling and education.

What education facilities are available in Dharavi?

Dharavi has 60 primary schools, 13 secondary schools, and 8 private schools that emphasize the importance of education.

What role does rural-urban migration play in the formation of slums?

Massive population growth due to rural-urban migration contributes significantly to the development of slums.

Why do cities struggle to provide adequate housing for low-income populations?

High land prices and inadequate formal housing options limit the ability of cities to house low-income individuals.

What is Dharavi known for?

Dharavi is known as southern Asia's largest slum and is notable for being the setting of the film Slumdog Millionaire.