SCIENCE T1 FLUID,PRESSURE,FLOW RATE, VELOCTY

Fluid

Substance that flows and takes the shape of its container.

Liquid

Definite volume, no definite shape.

Gas

No definite shape or volume.

Pascal's Principle

Pressure is transmitted equally in a confined fluid.

Pressure

Force per unit area.

Pressure Formula

P = F/A

Pressure Unit

Pascal (Pa).

Force

Push or pull.

Greater Force

Greater pressure.

Smaller Force

Smaller pressure.

Smaller Area

Greater pressure.

Larger Area

Smaller pressure.

Hydraulic System

Uses liquid to multiply force.

Hydraulic Parts

Input piston, output piston, fluid, tube.

Hydraulic Process

Apply force→ Pressure spreads → Output force increases.

Hydraulic Formula

F₁/A₁ = F₂/A₂

Input Force (F₁)

Force applied to small piston.

Output Force (F₂)

Force produced by large piston.

Input Area (A₁)

Area of small piston.

Output Area (A₂)

Area of large piston.

Hydraulic Applications

Jack, lift, brakes, dentist chair, excavator.

Hydraulic Advantages

Less effort, lifts heavy loads.

Velocity

Speed in a specific direction.

Velocity Formula

v = d/t

Fluid Velocity

Speed of a flowing fluid.

Smaller Pipe Area

Higher velocity.

Larger Pipe Area

Lower velocity.

Pressure Difference

Fluids flow from high to low pressure.

Greater Pressure Difference

Faster flow.

Viscosity

Resistance to flow.

Low Viscosity

Flows faster.

High Viscosity

Flows slower.

Gravity

Increases downward fluid velocity.

Higher Velocity

Lower pressure.

Lower Velocity

Higher pressure.

Bernoulli's Principle

Higher velocity means lower pressure.

Airplane Wing

Pressure difference creates lift.

Examples of Fluid Velocity

Faucet, hose, spray bottle, river, blood, airplane wing.