CAP Billy Mitchell Aerospace Milestone Test

the direction from which the wind is blowing

Wind direction

the region of the earth that receives most of the sun's heat

The Equator

the first layer of the atmosphere in which the vast majority of weather, storms, and temperature differences occur. It extends from sea level up to 20,000 feet over the poles and to 60,000 feet over the equatorial regions and most of the atmosphere is contained in this region

The Troposphere

the first known powered aircraft with humans on board

Hot air balloon

made a historic flight over Paris, France on November 21, 1783. Their flight lasted 25 min and they flew approximately 5 miles from their launch point

Pilatre d'Rozier and Francois d'Arlandes

An artificial force that pushes or pulls an aircraft forward through the air and opposes drag

Thrust

the first true powered flight with humans on board that historians agree on

Hot air ballon

Created the first successful, manned, hot air balloon in 1783

Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier

An artificial upward force that opposes gravity and supports the weight of an aircraft

Lift

A natural force which slows the forward movement of an aircraft in flight and opposes thrust

Drag

Rotation around the lateral axis and the elevator moving up and down causes this motion. The nose up/nose down motion

Pitch

Rotation around the vertical axis produced by the rudder and controlled by pedals. The nose right/nose left motion

Yaw

credited with the first manned, controlled powered flight. Made their historic flight on December 17, 1903

Wright Brothers

Rotation around the longitudinal axis caused by the ailerons moving upward and downward. Results in the wings moving up or down

Roll

becomes an artificial compass and gives the pilot directional information. Also can be set without the aircraft facing north

Heading Indicator(directional gyro)

6076 feet

Nautical mile

5,280 feet

Statute mile

the top or beginning of the Earth's atmosphere; the altitude the Air Force and NASA define as the beginning of space and anyone who reaches this height is awarded astronaut wings

50 miles above the surface

Is the most widely accepted altitude where space begins

62 miles

the part of an aircraft that would continue to operate if the pilot were to shut off all electrical power during the flight

The engine

an engine that has a fuel mixture that is burned within the engine. Also known as a reciprocating engine

Internal combustion engine

On December 29, 1970, the Occupational Safety and Health Act came into affect requiring most civilian aircraft to carry what?

Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

first man to walk on the moon

Neil Armstrong

Improved forms of gunpowder, which increased the range of the rocket

Roger Bacon

designed rockets for military use

William Congreve

A technique developed by Englishman, William Hale, wherein escaping gases in a rocket hit small vanes that made the rocket spin, and stabilize, much like a bullet in flight

Spin stabilization

improved the accuracy of rockets by launching them through tubes; this idea was the forerunner of the bazooka

Jean Froissart

a Russian; In 1961, became the first man in space and the first man to orbit the Earth

Yuri Gagarin

Became the first American to orbit the earth aboard the Mercury capsule, Friendship 7 which was launched by the Atlas rocket, and returned to space at the age of 77 becoming the oldest human to travel to space.

John Glenn

How long did the flight that put John Glenn into orbit around the Earth last?

About 5 hours

Achieved the first successful flight with a liquid-propellant rocket which was fueled by liquid oxygen and gasoline; is called the "Father of Modern Rocketry"

Robert Goddard

A Greek who developed the first rocket engine, which was propelled by steam

Hero

the leading Soviet rocket scientist; known as the "Father of the Soviet Space Program." He organized and led the development of the first successful Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile in 1957

Sergei Korolev

laid scientific foundation for modern rocketry with his laws of motion; His laws of motion influenced the design of rockets

Sir Isaac Newton

space pioneer; wrote a book about rocket travel into outer space.

Hermann Oberth

A society in Germany, started because of Hermann Oberth's writings, that led to the development of the V-2 rocket.

The society for space travel

Became the first American in space aboard the Mercury capsule, Freedom 7

Alan Shepard

How long did the first US flight to space last?

15 minutes; the Redstone rocket wasn't powerful enough to place the Mercury capsule into orbit but it did reach an altitude of 116 miles.

President John F. Kennedy announced the objective of _________________________________ by the end of the decade

Putting a man on the moon

first US space station, launched by the Saturn V in 1973. It's mission was to put laboratory into space

Skylab

Which Skylab mission was the longest and how long did it last?

The last or third mission; 84 days

The Space Transportation System (or space shuttle) used what to launch the shuttle orbiter?

Solid rocket boosters and three main engines

a space transportation system for traveling to space and back to Earth

Space Shuttle

first artificial satellite; Russian. Launched in 1957

Sputnik I

proposed the use of rockets for space exploration, suggested the use of liquid propellants for rockets in order to achieve greater range, and became known as the "Father of Modern Astronautics"

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

director of the V-2 rocket project, who after the war headed up the US rocket program

Wernher von Braun

Developed a gyroscope system for flight control, a payload compartment, and a parachute recovery system

Robert Goddard

The start of the race for space between the US and USSR( Soviet Union)

Sputnik's launch in 1957

Developed a form of gunpowder and used it as fireworks for religious and festive celebrations.

The Chinese

With the Chinese and _________________ at war with each other, early rockets were used as arrows of flying fire

The Mongols

The idea of launching rockets through tubes was the forerunner of what?

The bazooka

The rocket system that lifts a spacecraft and gives the spacecraft enough force to reach orbit

A launch vehicle

The first US satellite, launched in 1958. The first spacecraft to recognize the Van Allen radiation belt around the Earth.

Explorer I

The civilian agency with the goal of peaceful exploration of space for the benefit of all mankind

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

Paved the way for the Apollo missions by demonstrating rendezvous and docking procedures; also were designed to carry two crew members

The Gemini Missions

The three stage Saturn V rocket was developed with what goal?

Send humans to the moon

Which Apollo mission landed on the moon?

Apollo 11, in 1969, powered by the Saturn V launch vehicle.

Takes the info from the guidance system and steers the rocket to its destination. Also keeps the rocket stable.

Control System

gets the rocket to its destination; the brain of the rocket

Guidance System

the tendency of an object at rest to stay at rest and an object in motion to stay in motion

Inertia; Newton's First Law

Which of Newton's laws says that a body at rest remains at rest and a body in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted on by an outside force

Newton's First Law of Motion; law of inertia

everything associated with propelling the rocket

Propulsion system

Modern rockets consist of four major systems, what are they and what do they work together to do?

Air frame, guidance, control, and propulsion; deliver the payload

Provides the shape of the rocket and all of the other systems are contained within it; the skin of the rocket

The airframe

the driver of a rocket-powered car called the Blue Flame that set the land speed record.

Gary Gabelich

the driver of the jet-engine powered Thrust SSC that broke the sound barrier on land

Andy Green

The jet-engine powered car that broke the sound barrier on land. Driven by Andy Green

Thrust SSC

A rocket-powered car that set the land speed record. Driven by Gary Gabelich

Blue Flame

an enormous collection of stars arranged in a particular shape

Galaxy

region beyond the Earth's atmosphere where there is very little molecular activity

Space

all encompassing term that includes everything

Universe

Russian space station that fell back to Earth in 2001, marking the end of the Russian Space Program

Mir

an award given to anyone who reaches an altitude of 50 miles

Astronaut Wings

temperature in space

-455 F , 2.725 K , or -270 C. Near absolute zero: which is the point when all molecules stop moving and is theoretically the absolute coldest temperature that's could exist

a galaxy that is oval shaped

Elliptical Galaxy

a galaxy that has no particular shape

Irregular Galaxy

about 6 trillion miles

Light Year

a grouping of stars, named after mythical figures and animals

Constellation

93 million miles

Astronomical unit(AU)

discovered the first asteroid, Ceres

Giuseppe Piazzi

the natural force pulling everything to Earth that opposes lift

Gravity

A beautiful, graceful form that is the actual shape of a airfoil (wing).

A tear-drop

The tendency of a stream of fluid to not return to its original path after flowing over or around a curved surface

The Coanda Effect

Located control surfaces out on the ends of the wings

Ailerons

Increases lift, slows down the aircraft, especially useful in landing, and increases drag. Also used during takeoff and allows the pilot to decrease takeoff distance

Flaps

When warm air rises into the colder air at higher altitudes, it cools and then stops rising. After a period of "hanging around," the air begins to sink back toward Earth. This up and down movement results in a circulation.

Convection

It rises, it expands and the pressure drops. Is less dense, has less mass, and weighs less

Warm (heated) air

The age a cadet is eligible by federal aviation regulation (FAA) to solo a glider

14

Once a cadet has soloed a glider, they can then move on to poweredflight training with the eventual goal to achieve the coveted__________________________.

Private Pilot's Certificate

Instrument to provide the height of the balloon above sea level, also indicates the height at which the balloon is flying. In an airplane, it measures pressure and displays this as height above sea level

Altimeter

One of several vertical panels that make up the envelope

Gore

an instrument which measures the temperature within the envelope of a hot air balloon. A temperature gauge which displays both the hot air temperature inside the envelope and that of the outside air

Thermistor

an instrument to determine the rate of climb or descent; displays a rate of change in altitude

Vertical Velocity Indicator(VVI)/ variometer

One of two fabrics most widely used for making the panels of a hot air balloon. It is the lighter and stronger of the two fabrics, and both fabrics are coated with polyurethane and other additives to give it longer wear and greater resistance to ultraviolet sunlight damage

Nylon

One of two fabrics most widely used for making the panels of a hot air balloon. Of the two fabrics, this one can withstand higher temperatures. Both fabrics are coated with polyurethane and other additives to give it longer wear and greater resistance to ultraviolet sunlight damage

Dacron

Instrument(s) found inside the cockpit of a hot air balloon

An altimeter, vertical velocity indicator, and a thermistor

The propulsion system for an aircraft

An airplane engine

Also known as an internal combustion engine because a fuel mixture is burned within the engine.

Reciprocating engine

Needed to let the fuel/air into the cylinder or By which a suction is created sucking air in from the outside

Movement of the pistons

What pilots use to control the fuel/air mixture from inside the cockpit or The device that controls the ratio of the fuel/air mixture to the cylinders

Mixture Control