ap world unit 3

The White Man’s Burden.

poem by Rudyard Kipling that urged the United States to take on the responsibility of colonizing the Philippines after the Spanish-American War, framing imperialism as a moral duty to "civilize" "sullen peoples"

The Industrial Revolution impact on imperlialism

raw materials, markets and investment (mines, railroads, etc.) and bases for coal and supplies

Nationalism on imperlialism

More territory = More prestige and power

Religion on imperlialism

Many Europeans believed they needed to spread Christianity around the world (a genuine concern?)

imperlialism

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Social Darwinism

ideology from the late 19th/early 20th centuries that falsely applied Charles Darwin's "survival of the fittest" to human society, claiming the strong naturally dominate the weak

justifying capitalism, racism, imperialism

Berlin Conference

• 1. Major European powers (Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands) agree to divide up Africa.

• 2. Principle of physical position (troops, colonial office)

• 3. Within 20 years, nearly all of Africa was colonized

led to
1. Colonial boundaries ignore ethnic rivalries

2. Boundaries lead to problems for modern Africa

3. Conflicts among imperialists leads to WW I

4. Imperialism was a betrayal of Enlightenment

Exploitation Colonialism

1. Where the colonizing power seeks to extract resources or force native population to work

2. Examples: India, Most of Africa

Settler Colonialism

1. Where the colonizing power seeks to replace the existing population. 

2. Examples: Australia, South Africa

Direct rule

French officials were used to run the colonies.

Peaceful and efficient?

led to rebellion
(French system)

Indirect Rule

(British system)
British used local officials to run the colonies. 

Less expensive and more civilized?

led to rebellion

Suez Canal

French-Egyptian partnership 

France wanted to control access to “the East”

Egypt borrows the money from the French to build the Canal, then cannot pay

British agree to finance the project

Send troops to Egypt to provide the Egyptian ruler with economic “advice”

A BRITISH “PROTECTORATE”

A. Creation of a plantation cash crop: cotton

B. Peasants driven off land 

C. British control Egypt with just 5,000 troops

Cape Colony

1652- Establish by the dutch
Began as a base on route to Southeast Asia

Descendents of Dutch settlers were called Boers 

Great Trek”

Boer migration north 

Partly because British abolished slavery in empire

Boer War (1899-1902) 

a conflict between the British Empire and the two independent Boer Republics (Transvaal and Orange Free State) in South Africa, fought primarily due to British imperial ambitions, control over newly discovered gold and diamond wealth

Native Lands Act (1913)

Restricts black ownership of land to 7% of all land

Urban Areas Act (1923)

Blacks prohibited from officially settling in cities - men must carry a “pass” issued by an employer

Union of South Africa

British capital pours in
Unites entire South African colony
Huge need  for African labor for mines

The Congo Free State

personal colony of Leopold II
Congo Free State became a nightmare

1. Forced labor, beatings and mutilations

2. Resources exploited

3. Population declined by at least 70% (at least 4 million killed)

Leopold II

claimed Congo Free State as his personal colony
He called it a “civilizing mission” 

1. Leopold wanted copper, ivory and rubber

Belgian Congo

A. 1908- Belgian Congo became official colony of Belgium (not Leopold’s)

B. Ended the worst abuses

C. Exploitation of resources continued

The Opium War (1839-1842)

A.  British win, but only attacked a few cities

B. Emperor surrendered rather than risk a wider war

Treaty of Nanjing 1842

1. China had to pay for Britain’s war damages.

2. Five Chinese ports were opened to British ships.

ceded hong kong

extraterritoriality

any European arrested in China went on trial in a European court

spheres of influence

is a region where a powerful country or organization has significant political, economic, or cultural dominance, limiting others' control

Taiping Rebellion  (1850-1864)

Proposed Changes:

1.  Land reform(divided land evenly among the peasants)

2.  Sexual equality

3.  End to Qing Dynasty

C. Rebels took control of large parts of China (almost toppled Qing)

D. Wealthy Chinese opposed land reform

1. By 1864, rebellion had ended

2. 20-30 million deaths

Hong Xiuquan

led taiping rebellion
wanted land reform and end the Qing

Self-Strengthening Movement (1860s-1870s)

A. Adopt Western technology

B. Maintain Confucian traditions, institutions

C. “East for essence, West for practical use.”

Hundred Days of Reform (1898)

A. Supported by young Emperor Guang Xu 

B. Proposed Changes

1. Modernization of schools, army, civil service

2. Westernization of economies (ex. factories)

C.  Conservatives overthrows emperor (imprisoned for life)

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

A. ”Righteous Harmonious Fists”

B. Anti-foreign, anti-Christian movement

1. Attacked missionaries

2.  Killed thousands of Chinese Christians

C. Ended by foreign forces (20,000 from Europe and U.S.)

D. Led to increased Westernization (educational and economic reforms)

Nationalist Revolution (1911)

A. Led by Sun Yatsen (Sun Yixian, or Soon Yee Shyahn)

B.  Promoted “Three Principles of People” (nationalism, democracy, livelihood)

C. Qing Dynasty overthrown

D.  Sun Yatsen became first president of Chinese Republic

( By 1913, China was ruled by military dictator- Yuan Shikai) 

Sun Yixian

leader of Nationalist Revolution
overthrew qing
supported nationalism, democracy, livelihood

The British East India Company

Negotiates with local leaders for ports 

Seven Years War (1758-65) eliminates France

When Indian rulers resist, EIC creates an armed force of Indians

EIC gains control of trade

opium trade
destruction of the Indian economy

The British East India Company policies on india

1.1700s- British prohibit the import of manufactured goods to Britain

2. 1800s- Indians could only buy British goods (mercantilism)

3. Transferred land to big landlords for cash crops (opium)

4. Transformed India from a semi-industrial economy to an agricultural one

mercantilism

an economic policy where a country aims to maximize its wealth (especially gold/silver) by exporting more than it imports (favorable trade balance), using government control, colonies for resources

SEPOY

INDIAN IN BRITISH ARMY

Sepoy Mutiny (1857)

A. The first violent response to imperialism

B. Many angry groups in India (from peasants to princes)

C. At least 100,000 Indians killed

D. No national unity

E. British used division to defeat the rebels (ex. Sikhs vs. Hindus and Muslims)

Commodore Matthew Perry

• 1853- Commodore Matthew Perry visits Japan from the U.S.

• 1. U.S. wanted the Tokugawa shogunate to end 200 years of isolation

Arguments for Opening Japan

• (a) The U.S. had modern technology.

• (b)The U.S. might use force if Japan did not agree to trade.

• (c) Japan needed to change.

• Treaty of Kanagawa

• 1. Opened two Japanese ports to American ships.

• 2. Opened diplomatic relations. 

result of japan imperlialism

• 1. Other Western nations made unequal treaties with Japan to expand trade 

• 2. Japan sent representatives to the U.S. 

• 3. Imported Western ideas and technology

MEIJI RESTORATION(1868-1912)

Dissatisfaction with the shogun’s rule.
1868- The shogun was forced to step down and the emperor was restored to power.

This 15-year old emperor began a period of “meiji” or “enlightened rule.”

Emperor Matsuhito Meiji sent advisors to Europe and U.S. to learn modern, western ways (to close the gap between Japan and the West).

Emperor Matsuhito Meiji

sent advisors to Europe and U.S. to learn modern, western ways (to close the gap between Japan and the West).

Diet

(law-making body). 1. 1889- A constitution was written

zaibatsu

• Wealthy families (zaibatsu) controlled many businesses for generations.
  
  Japan developed into major industrial power by 1890s. 

The Sino-Japanese War

• Japan defeated China.

• 1. China was forced to give up all claims to Korea.

• 2. Japan gained Taiwan and part of Manchuria.

• 3. Japan proved to be an “equal” of the West.

The Russo-Japanese War

• Japan defeated Russia.

• 1. No Asian nation had ever defeated a European nation before.

• 2. Japan took unquestioned control of Korea and Manchuria.

Mechanization

need for new markets

Cuba in spanish american war

1. 1895- Cuba begins its second war of independence.

2. 1896- Spain attempts to restore order.

a. Sent 300,000 Cubans to concentration camps.

b. Thousands died of hunger and disease.

The Maine

1. Feb. 15, 1898-  Explosion sinks ship, killing 260 

2. Cause is unknown, but journalists blame Spain

C. April 20, 1898-Congress declared war.

1. Treaty of Paris of 1898

1. Cuba becomes independent.

2. U.S. gets Puerto Rico and Guam.

3. U.S. pays Spain $20 million for the Philippines.

Platt Amendment 1901

U.S. demands:

a. No treaties with foreign nations (might weaken Cuban independence)

b. No territory given to foreign nations

c. U.S. may intervene at any time

d. Guantanamo Bay to U.S.-leased in     perpetuity (forever).

Foraker Act:

a. Sets up formal colonial government

b. Denies citizenship

c. U.S. appoints most of Puerto Rican gov’t

Puerto Rico

1917- Jones Act:

Puerto Rico
a. Congress grants citizenship

b. Formally declared a territory

Alaska

1. Purchased from Russia in 1867

2. Costs $7.2 million

3. Alaskan gold rush in 1896

Hawaii

1. By 1880s, sugar is 75% of islands’ wealth

2. Planters want to avoid “sugar duty” (tax) 

3. If Hawaii were part of America, sugar would not be taxed as imports

4. 1887- Hawaiian king was forced to sign new constitution and allow a naval base at Pearl Harbor

5. 1891- “Queen Lil” makes new constitution

6. 1893- “Revolution”

a. Planters depose Queen Lil. 

b. Sanford Dole becomes pres. of Republic of Hawaii.

7. 1898- U.S. annexes Hawaii

Philippine-American War (1898-1902)

1. 200,000 American troops sent to end the uprising

The Army fought the Filipinos asit had fought Indians in the West: No Mercy!
C. War cost America $400 million and 4,300 soldiers

D. Between 20,000 and 60,000 Filipinos killed

E. Philippines granted independence in 1946.

Emilio Aguinaldo

1. Filipino Emilio Aguinaldo declares independence and leads resistance to U.S. rule

fought first against Spain and later against the United States for the independence of the Philippines

American Anti-Imperialist League (1899)

A. Imperialism was immoral 

B. Would bring an end to American virtue

C. Floods of cheap immigrant labor would drive down wages.

D. Would “pollute” population with “racially unfit” peoples.

E. Famous members: Mark Twain, William J. Bryan, Andrew Carnegie

Battle of Isandlwana

The British lost the Battle of Isandlwana due to a combination of gross underestimation of Zulu capabilities, poor tactical positioning, and logistical failures

Manchuria

Japan's forceful annexation and colonization of northeastern China from 1931 to 1945 in SINO JAPANESE WAR

Raj

• Britain’s political power in India following the establishment of the British East India Company 

• A result of Britain and France’s competition 

Quinine 

A medical advance that served as a cure for malaria and was one of the keys to European success during the age of imperialism 

Sudan 

Since the 1820s, Sudan has been a victim of attempts at oppression by Egypt; however, it was not until the 1870s that Sudan would make a move in resistance to this, as well as British intervention. Under the leadership of Muhammad Ahmed, also known as Mahdi, a rebellion known as the Mahdist Revolt against the Ottoman sultans and the corruption in Islam sparked. Eventually, Mahdi and his followers, the Madhists, claimed Sudan