aphug - cities and urban land use

urbanization population

the number of people living in cities

urbanization

the process by which people live and are employed in a city

nucleated form of settlement

the type of settlement typical of urban areas in which the settlement is closely grouped around a central area of development

core area

the center area of development

dispersed form of settlement

the type of settlement typical of rural areas, in which houses are far apart

threshold

the minimum number of people needed to meet the needs of an industry

commercialization

the selling of goods and services for profit

basic industry

a large industry that moves into a city and helps form the city

non-basic industries

secondary city-serving industries that are established after a city’s basic industry

employment structure

the way in which most workers are employed within a city, this structure typically moves from industrial to tertiary to quaternary activities

post-industrial city

a city that specializes in information-based work

deindustrialization

a city’s shift toward more specialized quaternary sector economic activities

underemployment

a situation that occurs when too many employees are hired and there is not enough work for all of them

unincorporated areas

areas that exist on the fringes of suburbs with only a few families living there today, even though they were once considered urban areas

hamlets

areas that may only include a few dozen people and offer limited services

villages

areas that are larger than hamlets and offer more services

town

areas that consist of 50 to a few thousand people and are considered to be urban areas with a defined boundary

cities

large, densely populated areas that may include tens of thousands of people

metropolises

areas that have large populations that are usually focused around one large city

megalopolis

an area that links together several metropolitan areas to form one huge urban area

megacities

cities that have populations of over 10 million people

great cities

cities that define not only their countries, but also countries in the region, and are the financial capitals in their region

urban hierarchy

a hierarchy that puts cities in ranks from small first-order cities upward to fourth-order cities, which are large, world-class cities

the higher the order of the city, the greater the sphere of influence that city possesses on a global scale

world cities

the most important cities as defined by Saskia Sassen, based on their economic, cultural, and political importance: New York City, London, and Tokyo

alpha world cities

cities in the second tier, which have impressive economic and political clout

these cities include Los Angeles, Chicago, and Washington D.C., the United States; Frankfurt, Germany; Milan, Italy; Hong Kong, China; and Singapore

beta world cities

cities in the next order after alpha world cities that each have a unique feature within their region

these cities include San Francisco, United States; Sydney, Australia; Toronto, Canda; Zurich, Switzerland; Brussels, Belgium; Madrid, Spain; Mexico City, Mexico; and São Paulo, Brazil

gamma world cities

cities in the next order after beta world cities

these cities include Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dallas, Houston, and Boston int he United States; Melbourne, Australia; Düsseldorf, Germany; Jakarta, Indonesia; Osaka, Japan; Caracas, Venezuela; Geneva, Switzerland; Johannesburg, South Africa; and Prague, the Czech Republic

emerging cities

cities that are experiencing population growth and increasing economic and political clout within their regions

gateway cities

cities that connect two areas and serve as an entry point between them

festival landscape

a space within an urban environment that can accommodate a large number of people

central business district

the commercial center of an urban area

bid-rent theory

a theory suggesting that the closer to the central business district, the higher the value of the land, and that only commercial enterprises can afford the land within the central business district

shopping mall

a group of retail outlets that either share a roof or are connected by a set off walkways

boomburbs

cities located around major metropolitan areas that see massive growth

uptowns

areas that are a mile or more away from the city center that were previously underutilized and are now filling with entertainment options

greenfield’s

zones where there is little development

rush hours

when people travel to work in the morning, usually between 6 and 9 a.m., and then home again between 3:30 and 6:30 p.m.

grid street system

a system in which streets run east/west and north/south, creating a grid pattern on the landscape

suburbs

residential areas located on the outskirts of a central city that may possess numerous commercial and industrial enterprises

utility infrastructure

a system set in place by the government for delivery of electricity, sewer services, and internet connectivity

zoning laws

laws that determine how land and buildings can be used

residential zoning

the system of land-use regulation for housing

commercial zoning

the system of land-use regulation for the production of materials

industrial zoning

the system of land-use regulation for the production of of materials

institutional zoning

the system of land-use regulation for government structures, such as schools, courtrooms, and government offices

dendritic

a street pattern that looks like the root system of trees, with streets that curve and meander through the city

greenbelts

rural areas that are set aside to prevent development from extending too far outward

in-filling

the process of cities that are close to each other merging together

urban growth rates

the rates at which individual cities increase their populations

squatter settlements

areas of squalor and extreme poverty

latin American city model

a model that shows the characteristics of many cities in Central and South America; many of the high-income residences that extend out from the central business district are gated communities designed to protect the residents from the crime bred by widespread urban poverty

favelas

squatter settlements in Brazil

Southeast Asian city model

a model illustrating the typical structure of Southeast Asian cities that shows the importance of the port zone; growth extends outward from the port

entrepots

areas that reexport goods to all areas of the globe

office parks

agglomerations with shared phone and internet services and transportation infrastructure

office parks allow businesses of similar structure and production to locate near each other and experience the benefits of the area’s infrastructure

situation

the relationship that a particular location has with the locations around it

site

the internal characteristics of a place based on its physical features

high-tech corridors

places where microchips can be produced cheaply that use the principle of agglomeration to their benefit

instrumental in providing the world with the computer chip equipment needed to run its operations on a daily basis

bazaar

a street market in many Islamic cities; sometimes called a suq

colonial CBD

the location of the former headquarters of the colonial government in African cities

traditional CBD

the location of the current commercial center in African cities

Market (bazaar) CBD

the large market area in African cities

African city model

a model depicting three CBDs with ethnic neighborhoods extending outward from them

beyond the ethnic neighborhoods are the mini and manufacturing zones, as well as informal towns (squatter settlements)

social structure

class structure, such as lower, middle, and upper class

class

demographic category based on economic, social, and cultural factors

concentric zone model

a city model established by Robert Park, Ernest Burgess, and Roderick McKenzie suggesting that the lower classes live closest to the central business district, while the upper classes live farther out because they can afford the commute into the city to work

peak land value intersection

the area with the greatest land value and commercial value

zone in transition

a city zone that is just outside of the central business district and usually contains the slums

slums

high-density areas of lower-class citizens who live in substandard housing

tenements

rundown apartment buildings that are minimally kept up by landlords because their value is so low

commuter zone

the fifth zone, which is an upper-class residential area, called this because of the number of people who commute either into the city or to other suburbs for work

invasion and succession

Burgess’s idea that the central business district would continually expand and push beyond the zones

sector model

a city model established by Homer Hoyt in 1939 that is based on class and describes social structure based on transportation systems

multiple nuclei model

a city model established by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945 suggesting that urban growth is independent of the central business district

edge cities

large commercial centers that offer entertainment and shopping in the suburbs

such cities may approach 100,000 in population

multiplier effect

the principle that development spurs more development

galactic city model

a city model representing a post-industrial city in North America in which a city with growth independent of the central business district is traditionally connected to the central city by means of an arterial highway or interstate

keno-capitalism model

a city model based on Los Angeles that suggests that areas are zoned off or even gated off from other zones in the city

ethnoburbs

neighborhoods dominated by a specific ethnic group

central place theory

a theory established by Walter Christaller that is based on assumptions of uniform topography, equal transportation systems, and the notion that people will travel the least distance possible to meet their service needs

range

maximum distance that people are willing to go to purchase a product or partake in a service

hinterland

the market area of a product

market area

the area in which a product, urban area, or commercial outlet has influence

census tracts

geographic areas with about 5,000 people on average; used to determine population for business purposes

gravity model

a model that suggests that the greater the sphere of influence a city has, the greater its impact on other cities around it

to determine the degree to which two cities are related, multiply the populations and divide by the square of the distance between the cities

rank-size rule

a rule that states that the size of cities within a country will be in proportion to one another

primate cities

cities that have more than twice the population of any other urban area in that country

a primate city I the most important urban area economically, politically, and culturally in its country

catacombs

the underground area where the dead were buried for centuries beneath European cities

such areas made the ground too unstable to support the weight of skyscrapers

cityscape

artwork that shows a city

symbolic landscape

an urban landscape that reflects the city’s history and has become synonymous with the city

suburbanization

a process by which a population expands from the city center to surrounding, less dense, areas

underclass

a class made up of people who are excluded from the creation of wealth

urban sprawl

the process of growth in which the second-ring suburbs grow and infringe on the surrounding rural areas

planned community

an area in which a developer plots out each house and builds an entire development from scratch

gated communities

connumities that are gated to ensure that only the residents and their guests are allowed to enter

new urbanism

the movement to plan communities that are more walkable, rather than automobile dependent, with a diversity of jobs

brownfields

former industrial sites that cities are now attempting to redevelop

counterurbanization

the process in which problems of an urban area become so great that people leave

decentralization

the distribution of authority from a central figure or point to other sectors in the city

centralization

the focusing of power into one authority, usually a mayor or city manager