Biology 103 Mid Term

Organelles

Structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

Prokaryotic Cells

cells that do not have a nucleus

Eukaryotic cells

have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

the outer boundary, regulates what goes in and out

Cytoplasm

fluid material that fills the cell between plasma membrane and nucleus

Ribosome

site of protein synthesis, translates genetic code into a string of amino acids

DNA

carries genetic codes for development and function of organism

Endoplasmic Reticulum

part of eukaryotic cells, "ER", canal'like structures, transport materials

Golgi apparatus

Processes and packages proteins for secretion.

Lysosomes

packaged by golgi bodies, contain digestive enzymes, "Clean up" cell wastes, Can also "destroy" the cell at the end of its life

Mitochondrion

Mitochondria, the cells "power house", Site of cellular respiration, Cells that require more energy will have more

Vacuole

A storage area, small in animal cells, Larger in plants-help maintain water balance

Cytoskeletons

Protein filaments that gives a cell shape, assits the movement of organelles

cell wall

rigid, non-living permable structure that supports and protects, found in all cells from Kingdoms except animals

Chloroplast

In cells that make their own food, photosynthesis, contains green chlorophyll pigment

Central Vacuole

Takes up majority of a plant cell volume, stores water and nutrients and wastes, helps keep cells shapes

Photosynthesis

takes place in chloroplasts, algae, and plants

cellular respiration

takes place in mitochondria and all living things

When does photosynthesis occur?

daylight hours

When does cellular respiration occur?

at all times

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide and water

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

glucose and oxygen

What are the products of photosynthesis?

glucose and oxygen

What are the products of cellular respiration?

carbon dioxide and water

what are the waste products of photosynthesis?

Oxygen

What are the waste products of cellular respiration?

carbon dioxide and water

Is photosynthesis destructive or constructive?

constructive, glucose is built

Is cellular respiration destructive or constructive?

destructive, glucose is breaking down

Is photosynthesis exothermic or endothermic?

Endothermic, it takes in energy

is cellular respiration exothermic or endothermic?

exothermic, releases energy

Independent Variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Dependent Variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

Test group

exposed to the experimental variable

control group

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

monumers for protein

amino acids

Functions of proteins

enzymes, keratin, collagen

Membrane channel and carrier proteins

Regulate what substances enter and exit cells.

Antibodies

are proteins of our immune system that bind to antigens and prevent them from destroying cells

Nucleotides

are the monomers of nucleic acids.

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

Structure of Nucleotide

phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base

DNA contains

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

RNA contains

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

Biomolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Monomers

1

Polymers

many

Carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Lipids

fats and oils

Dehydration Reaction

A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water

Hydrolysis

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

Carbohydrates

energy source, provide building

Carbohydrates

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio C6H12O6

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules, also called simple sugar

Pentoses

five carbon atoms

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides, lactose, sucrose, and maltose

Polysaccharides

is a polymer of monosaccharides like starch and glycogen

Structional Polysccharides

cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan

Hydrophobic

hates water, insoluble in water, fatty acids

Hydrophillic

loves water, phosphate group

Elements found in lipids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, CHO

Triglycerides

an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid, fats and oils

Unsaturated

liquid

Saturated

Solid

Phospholipids

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Phospholipids are

what forms that plasma membrane of cells

Passive Transport

does not require energy

Diffusion

the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Solvent

does the dissolving

Solute

is dissolved

Osmosis

water can diffuse both ways across the membrane but the solute cannot

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same, EQUAL

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution, cells will swell

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution, cells will shrink