APUSH UNIT FOUR STUDY GUIDE

They believed that they were stirring up trouble with the Native Americans in Indiana and Ohio.

What did Western Farmers believe that British people in the Ohio Valley were doing?

To challenge white settlers in the regions.

Why did the Shawnees Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa revive the Western Confederacy in 1809?

He was able to give their cause a religious meaning as well because he was a religious prophet.

How did Tenskwatawa give the purpose of the revival of the Western Confederacy a religious meaning as well?

- When Indiana Territory governor William Henry Harrison, decided on a preemptive strike in 1811 and attacked Prophetstown when the brothers were away recruiting.

What was the Battle of Tippacanoe?

- Saw the death of thousands from both sides, but also the destruction of Prophetstown and the Western Confederacy.

What were the results of the Battle of Tippacanoe?

- Madison had originally issued an ultimatum to the British, who took too long to answer, so Congress declared war and the War of 1812 began.

- The official cause is the violation of America's neutrality, the British were taking American goods and forcing Americans from those ships to serve in the British navy (impressment), but the main reason seems to be Americans taking Canada.

Why did Congress declare war on Britain?

Detroit

Where did the Americans retreat to after a failed invasion of Canada?

- Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British at Put-in-Bay in 1813.

- This gave the Americans control of Lake Erie for the war.

Who defeated the British at Put-in-Bay in 1813? What were the results of this victory.

Because it was not popular in New England, and they did not want to participate or contribute to the war effort.

Why did many people in New England not participate in the War of 1812?

Because when the British army captured and burned Washington D.C., she managed to take most of America's early treasures with her as she left, like the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, saving them from destruction

How is Dolly Maddison seen as an American Hero?

The Federalists

As the War of 1812 continued to go poorly, which political group, especially in New England, started to gain more power?

The Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve 1814.

What treaty ended the War of 1812? When was it signed?

Andrew Jackson

Who became a major American celebrity after his battle victories in the War of 1812?

The Federalists

Although the War of 1812 was considered to be a win, which political party lost all of their support?

- The Republican Party was originally led by Henry Clay and they thought about the government the same way that the Federalists did, with a strong national government that used money to support businesses as the National Republicans.

- The Democrats (Jeffersonian Republicans) stayed true to the idea that the best government is the smallest government possible, with the US government only allowed to do the things explicitly stated in the Constitution, led by Andrew Jackson.

What two different political parties did the Republicans split into? What did each of them believe? Who led each one of them?

The Judicial Branch was expanded and he appointed Federalist Judges to positions for life.

What was established in the last days of John Adam's Presidency?

The impact that Judges appointed by John Adams during the last days of his Presidency on the US government and society, especially Chief Justice John Marshall having the largest impact.

What is the Federalist Legacy?

- Establishing Judicial Authority

- Confirming the Supremacy of National Law

- Upholding traditional property rights

What three categories did John Marshall's rulings fit into?

It gave the courts the power of judicial review, this case is viewed as the case that most established judicial authority.

How did the case of Marbury vs. Madison affect the US Government and Judicial System?

Property Rights

What category of Marshall's rulings did Fletcher vs. Peck fall under?

Land speculators bribed Georgia officials in a land deal that was rescinded by the next Georgia legislature on the basis that it was fraudulent.

What was the case of Fletcher vs Peck about?

The land speculators took the case to the SCOTUS, and Marshall ruled in their favor, putting legal protection behind contracts.

What was the outcome of Fletcher vs Peck?

Property rights.

What category of Marshall's rulings did Dartmouth College vs. Woodward fall under?

New Hampshire's government changed the grant for Dartmouth to make it a public school, rather than the private school that it was established as by the crown.

What was the case of Dartmouth College vs Woodward about?

Marshall ruled in favor of Dartmouth, protecting the property rights of corporations.

What was the outcome of Dartmouth College vs. Woodward?

Supremacy of National Laws.

What category of Marshall's rulings did McCulloch and Maryland fall under?

Maryland passed a law, taxing the Second Bank of the United States in Baltimore, which the bank refused to pay on the grounds that the state had no authority over them.

What was the case of McCulloch and Maryland about?

- Marshall ruled in favor of the bank and it had two consequences.

- National Laws were superior to state laws.

- Congress could do things not stated in the Constitution, but it could also do things that could be inferred from the explicit power, called the inferred power of the government.

Who did Marshall rule in favor of in the case of McCulloch and Maryland? What were the affects of his decision?

Supremacy of National Laws.

What category of Marshall's rulings did Gibbons vs. Ogden fall under?

- New York gave a monopoly to Ogden to operate a ferry service on the Hudson River, which connected New York to New Jersey, but the Federal government also gave a monopoly to Gibbons.

- Because the ferry would cross state lines, it was interstate commerce (any business activity that crosses state lines) and the Constitution gave exclusive power to Congress to regulate interstate commerce.

What was the case of Gibbons vs. Ogden about?

Marshall ruled in favor of Gibbons, confirming national power over state power in the area of commerce.

What was the outcome of Gibbons vs. Ogden?

John Quincy Adams

Who served as secretary of state under James Monroe?

John Adams

Who was John Quincy Adams' father?

The Adams-Onis Treaty

What was John Quincy Adams' greatest accomplishment as secretary of state?

An 1819 treaty which saw Spain cede Florida to the US, in return the US recognized Spain's claim to Texas and they agreed to figure out a workable boundary between Texas and Louisiana.

What was the Adams-Onis Treaty?

An 1823 declaration by President James Monroe that the Western Hemisphere was closed to any further colonization or interference by European powers, and we would not get involved in any European affairs.

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

Judiciary Act of 1789

An Act that established a federal district court in each state and three circuit courts to hear appeals from the districts, with the Supreme Court serving as the highest appellate court in the federal system.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, officially ratified by 1791. The amendments safeguarded fundamental personal rights, including freedom of speech and religion, and mandated legal procedures, such as trial by jury.

Report on Public Credit

Alexander Hamilton's 1790 report recommending that the federal government should assume all state debts and fund the national debt - that is, offer interest on it rather than repaying it - at full value. Hamilton's goal was to make the new country creditworthy, not debt-free.

Bank of the United States

A bank chartered in 1790 and jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. Alexander Hamilton argued that the bank would provide stability to the American economy, which was chronically short of capital, by making loans to merchants, handling government funds, and issuing bills of credit.

Report on Manufacturers

A proposal by treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791 calling for the federal government to urge the expansion of American manufacturing while imposing tariffs of foreign imports.

Proclamation of Neutrality

A proclamation issued by President George Washington in 1793, allowing US citizens to trade with all belligerents in the war between France and Great Britain.

French Revolution

A revolution in France (1789 - 1799) that was initially welcomed by most Americans because it began by abolishing feudalism and establishing a constitutional monarchy, but eventually came out to seem too radical to many.

Whiskey Rebellion

A 1794 uprising by farmers in western Pennsylvania in response to enforcement of an unpopular excise tax on whiskey.

Jay's Treaty

A 1795 treaty between the United States and Britain, negotiated by John Jay. The treaty accepted Britain's right to stop neutral ships and required the US government to provide restitution for the pre-Revolutionary War debts of British merchants. In return, it allowed Americans to submit claims for illegal seizures and required the British to remove their troops and Indian agents from the Northwest territory.

Haitian Revolution

An uprising against French colonial rule in Saint-Dominque (1791 - 1804) involving gens de coleur and liberated slaves from the island and armies from three European countries. In 1803, Saint-Dominque became the independent black republic of Haiti, in which former slaves were citizens.

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which American negotiators in France were rebuffed for refusing to pay a substantial bribe. The incident led the United States into an undeclared war that curtailed American trade with the French West Indies.

Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition Acts

Three laws passed in 1798 that limited individual rights and threatened the fledgling party system. The Naturalization Act lengthened the residency requirement for citizenship, the Alien Act authorized the deportation of foreigners, and the Sedition Act prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or members of Congress.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Resolutions by Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures in 1798 condemning the Alien and Sedition Acts. The resolutions tested the idea that state legislatures could judge the legitimacy of federal laws.

Treaty of Greenville

A 1795 treaty between the United States and various Indian tribes in Ohio. American negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership of the land, and, in return for various payments, the Western Confederacy ceded most of Ohio to the United States.

Marbury vs. Madison

A supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review in finding that parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 were in conflict with the Constitution. For the first time, the Supreme Court assumed legal authority to overrule acts of other branches of the government.

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 purchase of French territory west of the Mississippi River that stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and nearly doubled the size of the United States. The purchase required President Thomas Jefferson to exercise powers not explicitly granted to him by the Constitution.

Embargo Act of 1807

An act of Congress that prohibited U.S. ships from traveling to foreign ports in an attempt to deter Britain and France from halting U.S. ships at sea. The embargo caused grave hardships for Americans engaged in overseas commerce.

Battle of Tippecanoe

An attack on Shawnee Indians and their allies at Prophetstown on the Tippecanoe River in 1811 by American forces headed by William Henry Harrison, Indiana's territorial governor. The governor's troops traded heavy casualties with the confederacy's warriors and then destroyed the holy village.

Treaty of Ghent

The treaty signed on Christmas Eve in 1814 that ended the war of 1812. It retained the prewar borders of the United States.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

A Supreme Court case that denied the rights of states to tax the Second Bank of the United States, thereby asserting dominance of national over state statutes.

Adams-Onis Treaty

An 1819 treaty in which John Quincy Adams persuaded Spain to cede the Florida territory to the United States. In return, the American government accepted Spain's claim to Texas and agreed to a compromise on the western boundary for the state of Louisiana.

Monroe Doctrine

The 1823 declaration by President James Monroe that the Western Hemisphere was closer to any further colonization or interference by European powers. In exchange, Monroe pledged that the United States would not become involved in European struggles.