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Dar al-Islam contributions to interregional contacts between states and empires
- Transfer of numbering systems to Europe
Effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam
- House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad
- Scholarly and cultural transfers in Muslim and Christian Spain
Intellectual and cultural effects of travelers across networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia
- Ibn Battuta
Causes of the fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate
- Foreign invasion and internal fragmentation
- Control shifted to Turkic peoples who extended the "golden age"
Belief systems and practices of Hinduism that affected society
- Bhakti movement, or devotion to a god or goddess, became popular and essentially replaced Buddhism
Belief systems and practices of Buddhism that affected society
- More accessible branches, similar to Hinduism, brought in ordinary and poor believers outside of monasteries
Judaism and its practices that affected society
- Revolutionary monotheistic religious approach for area and time period
Core beliefs and practices of Christianity that affected society
- Jesus went against Roman and Jewish authorities and practices
- Adopted as state religion as of Constantine's conversion after era of Christian persecution
Islam and its practices that affected society before c. 1200
- Muhammad's revelations denounced societal practices mostly based in greed and abuse
- Concept of umma, or Islamic community, opposed tribal nature of Arabic culture
How Islam spread
- Monotheistic ideas became known among peoples who lived in Arabia
- Cities such as Mecca were linked to trading routes
How Muslim rule expanded
- Muhammad established a unified Arabia under Islam as a new state
- Religion was adopted by cultures associated with the Islamic empire
Causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states dominated by Turkic peoples
- Descendants of mixed Turk and Mongol backgrounds continued to dominate Eurasia
- Doubled the international Muslim population as well as extended the "golden age"
How the expansion of the Mali empire influenced trade and communication
- Facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication
- New people were drawn into the economies and trade networks
How Christianity, Islam, and Judaism affected society in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450.
- Educational and cosmopolitan centers like House of Wisdom
- Technological advances in agriculture, architecture, and trade networks
Causes and effects of the growth of trans-Saharan trade
- Economical incentive provided by environment and population
- Camels and caravans became methods of transportation with Arab merchants