Respiratory Anatomy

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24 Terms

1
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<p>Label the muscles of the pharynx in the diagram and state their nerve supply </p>

Label the muscles of the pharynx in the diagram and state their nerve supply

A: Superior constrictor
B: Middle constrictor
C: Inferior constrictor

Vagus nerve

2
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What are some signs of loss of motor or sensory supply to the pharynx? (give two)

Diminished gag reflex
Poor swallowing reflex
Dysphagia
Aspiration pneumonia

3
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<p>Label the structures indicated by the arrows </p>

Label the structures indicated by the arrows

  1. Middle Lobe

  2. Pulmonary veins

  3. Pulmonary arteries

  4. Superior lobe

  5. Bronchi

  6. Inferior lobe

4
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<p>Label the structures indicated by the arrows </p>

Label the structures indicated by the arrows

  1. Inferior lobe

  2. Bronchus

  3. Pulmonary artery

  4. Superior lobe

  5. Pulmonary veins

5
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How many bronchopulmonary segments are found in each lung?

Right: 10 Left: 9

6
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What is the significance of the bronchopulmonary segments (3 points)

  • Functionally independent units.

  • Own tertiary/segmental bronchus, arteries and veins.

  • Damaged segments can be resected without affecting other segments. (localized infections)

7
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<p>Label the laryngeal muscles in the diagrams below </p>

Label the laryngeal muscles in the diagrams below

  1. Cricothyroid

  2. Transverse arytenoids

  3. oblique arytenoids

  4. Vocalis

  5. Lateral circo-arytenoids

  6. Posterior circo-arytenoids

  7. Thyro-arytenoids

8
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<p>Which of these muscles would increase risk of asphyxiation if paralyzed? </p>

Which of these muscles would increase risk of asphyxiation if paralyzed?

Posterior cricoarytenoids

9
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Why would a tumor near the hilum of the left lung cause a change in the characteristics of the voice?

RLN supplies most intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Branches on the left of the vagus nerve - near the hilum of the lung.

Tumor would compress the nerve.

Cause paralysis to laryngeal muscles on the left.

10
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What condition does this X-ray indicate

Deviated trachea

Tension pneumothorax

11
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<p>Label the paranasal sinuses </p>

Label the paranasal sinuses

  1. Frontal

  2. Ethmoid

  3. Orbital

  4. Sphenoidal sinus

12
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<p>State their drainage sites </p>

State their drainage sites

  1. Frontal and ethmoidal → middle hiatus

  2. Ethmoidal → Superior meatus

  3. Sphenoidal → spheno-ethmoidal recess

13
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Which of the paranasal sinuses is at highest risk of developing an infection?

The maxillary since it drains against gravity

14
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<p>Identify the structures on the X-RAY </p>

Identify the structures on the X-RAY

  1. Right hilum and pulmonary artery

  2. Clavicle

  3. Trachea

  4. Spinous process

  5. Aortic Knob

  6. Left Hilum and Pulmonary artery

  7. Diaphragm

  8. Costophrenic angle

15
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What are the extent and components of the upper respiratory tract?

Extends from the nose and nasal passages down to the larynx.

Its components include the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.

16
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What are functions of paranasal air sinuses?

Reduce skull weight

Humidify air

Add resonance to the voice

Communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts

17
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State the sensory nerve supply of the paranasal sinuses

Maxillary → maxillary nerve

Frontal → Ophthalmic division nerve

Ethmoid + spehnoidal → Maxillary + ophthalmic

18
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What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture / thoracic inlet

Anteriorly: Superior border of the manubrium
Laterally: First ribs and their costal cartilages
Posteriorly: Superior border of the T1 vertebra

19
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What are the openings and innervation of the diaphragm?

Caval hiatus (T8)
Esophageal hiatus (T10)

Aortic Hiatus (T12)

Innervated by the phrenic nerve

20
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Name the intercostal muscles and their actions.

External Intercostal: Elevate ribs during forced inspiration

Internal intercostal: Depress ribs during forced expiration

Innermost intercostals: Aid in depression during forced expiration

21
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What are the parts and nerve supply of parietal pleura?

Costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal, cervical

Never supply from intercostal nerves and phrenic nerve

22
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What do you mean by pleural effusion? Where and how should a chest drain be inserted to treat pleural effusion?

Pleural effusion: Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity.

Chest drain: Mid-axillary line at the 5th or 6th intercostal space.

Pneumothorax → drain points upwards

Pleural effusion → drain points downwards

23
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What is costodiaphragmatic recess? How is it clinically important?

Potential space in the pleural cavity.

Between the costal pleura and the diaphragmatic pleura.

Where fluid tends to collect due to gravity.

24
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Describe vocal fremitus and its implications.

Palpable vibration of the chest wall produced by speech or other vocal sounds.

Increased fremitus suggests consolidation in the underlying lung tissue.

Decreased fremitus suggests pleural effusion, pneumothorax or bronchial obstruction.