Engels taalvaardigheid en cultuur

phonetics

a means to know how to pronounce words

phonetics according to Colin Munro

actual sound that make up the words

pronunciation

a skill we need to acquire to know the way you say a word

a phonetic chart

an overview of the phonetic symbols

3 sections of a phonetic chart

• vowels (monophthong)

• diphthongs

• consonants (either single or in pairs)

3 questions to improve pronunciation

• is the jaw open or closed?

• what’s the shape of the mouth?

• where should the tongue be?

conclusion letter vs sound

each letter or letter sequence can represent more than one sound or phoneme

sound is a phoneme

if the smallest linguistic unit able to bring about a change in meaning

example phoneme

sit and hit

minimal pairs

a set of 2 words in a language that differ by only one sound, while having different meanings

example minimal pair

bad and bat

consonant clusters

when there are several consonants together without any vowels and that produces a sound that can be difficult to pronounce

example consonant clusters

“sh” in splash

homophones

group of words that are pronounced in the same way but have a different spelling

example homophones

too (adverb) and two (number)

heteronyms

when words have the same spelling, but with different pronunciation

example heteronyms

he analyses and the analyses

4 elements of pronunciation

• individual sounds

• word stress/accent

• rhythm or sentence stress

• intonation (up, down or neutral)

places of articulation

where consonants are formed

the 8 places of articulation

• dental (at the teeth)

• palatal (at the hard palate)

• bilabial (at the two lips)

• alveolar (at the tooth ridge)

• velar (at the soft palate)

• labiodentals (at the lips and teeth)

• post-alveolar (behind the alveolar ridge)

• glottal (in the gap between the vocal chords)

IPA

International phonetic alphabet

3 parts used to describe consonants

place + manner + voice

manner of articulation

how the air moves

the 6 manners of articulation

• plosive

• fricative

• affricate

• nasal

• approximant

• lateral

plosive

the air stops, then releases (p, b, t, d, k and g)

fricative

the air squeezes through (f, v, s, z, “sh” and “th”)

affricate

plosive + fricative (“ch” and “g” in age)

nasal

the air goes through the nose (m, n, “ng”)

approximant

the air moves very open (w, j and r)

lateral

the air flows around the tongue (l)

voicing

whether the vocal chords vibrate or not

voiced

when the vocal chords vibrate

voiceless

when the vocal chords don’t vibrate

vowels

speech sounds made without blocking airflow in the mouth

4 distinguishes for vowels

• tongue height (high, mid, low)

• tongue position (front, central, back)

• lip rounding (rounded vs unrounded)

• length / tension (short vs long)

diphthongs

two vowel sounds in the same syllable, where the tongue moves from one position to another

culture

can be defined as all the ways of life including art, beliefs and traditions or the ways of life for an entire society

the 9 categories of the culture wheel

• greater community

• values

• food and drink

• the arts

• tools and objects

• techniques and skills

• traditions and rituals

• language

• knowledge and stories

big Culture

visible parts of a society such as literature, art, music, history, philosophy and religion, traditions)

little culture

the everyday ways people live and interact such as daily habits, routines, manners, food, clothing, communication and social norms

conclusion Iceberg Model

presents a different approach on culture, but there’s still room for debate and discussion

cultural awareness

being aware that cultural differences and similarities exist, but instead of judging you’re willing to be open minded toward other cultures

types of attitudes toward diversity

• deficit thinking and assimilation

• colorblindness

• inter- and multiculturalism

deficit thinking and assimilation

differences are seen as problems and need to be get rid of

colorblindness

a neutral mindset, differences are not important

inter- and multiculturalism

a positive attitude toward differences, they are “enriching”

stereotype

set idea that you have about someone or something that is not entirely correct

reason for stereotypes

we need to form categories to make the world around us comprehensible

prejudices

judging someone or something before you actually get to know them or it

different origins prejudices

a random encounter, images or stories

when do prejudices lead to discrimination?

when they influence your behavior instead of only existing inside your head

WEIRD

Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic

WEIRD-people

they focus more on individuality

induction

starting from examples and then working toward theory and rules

naturalism

idea or belief that there is a natural way how the world works and how people learn

behaviorism

studies systematic ways in which animals and humans behave

humanism

philosophical movement that focuses on the human well-being

theories of the second language acquisition

theories that study how people learn a new language (TEFL and TEFL-perspective)

TEFL

teaching English as a foreign language

TEFL-perspective

listening comprehension

cognitive psychology

studies the mental or cognitive processes that people use to do things

order theories of the second language acquisition

• pre-listening activities

• listening for general comprehension

• listening for detailed comprehension

• listening for language

• follow up

grammar-translation approach (19th century)

focus on reading and translating sentences between languages

situational language teaching (1930)

orally taught through real-life situations

direct method (early 1900)

direct association with meaning without translation, only for target language speaking

audio-lingual method (1950)

based on behaviorist psychology (drills and repetition)

communicative language teaching (1970)

using language meaningfully in real conversation and communication

TPR or total physical response (1970)

learners respond physically to instructions from the teacher

HLT or humanistic language teaching (1970)

focus on the whole person, not only linguistics

silent way (1980)

teacher speaks very little, the learner discovers language rules themselves

suggestopedia (1980)

uses relaxation and positive suggestion to help

community language learning (1980)

teacher is the facilitator, students learn in groups and use their native language

TBLT or task based language teaching (1980)

learning by doing tasks, solving problems and by planning

dogme (1990)

learning through interaction and dialog

CLIL or content and language integrated learning (2000)

learn an academic content through the second language

CEFR

Common European Framework of Reference for languages

ABC - system

• A is a basic user or beginner

• B is an independent user

• C is a proficient user

what does CEFR provide?

a clear objective way to describe language skills that everyone can agree on

CEFR users and why

• learners to self-asses

• teachers to compare student’s results

• universities to decide on entrance levels

• government to set standerds

• employers when hiring

4 modes of communication

• reception (reading and listening)

• production (speaking and writing)

• interaction (spoken or written)

• meditation (translating, para-phrasing)

the modes of communication

refers to what individuals actually do with language in the real world

the UK

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

the British Empire

group of countries and territories that were once ruled by the British king or queen

examples British Empire

India, Australia, parts of Africa and the Caribbean

countries that gained independence from Britain through conflict

• USA (1776) in the war of independence

• India (1947) through violence during partition and the independence proces

the Crown

refers to the legal and symbolic power of the British Monarch

commonwealth realms are countries that

• are independent

• have own governments

• still recognize the British Monarch as head of state

examples of commonwealth realms

Canada, Australia and New Zealand

crown dependencies

• not part of the UK

• govern themselves (parliament and taxes)

• but UK helps with defense and international matters

examples of crown dependencies

Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey

British overseas territories (crown colonies)

• still under UK authority

• self-governing internally

• UK controls defense and foreign affairs

• share the British Monarch

examples British overseas territories

Bermuda, Cayman islands and Gibraltar

War UK and Argentina (1982)

because of control over the Falkland Islands, which led to the Falklands war