Psychology Exam Chapters 6, 7, 9, 10

Which mental phenomenon can be defined as "the retention of information over time"?

a: thinking

b: knowledge

c: memory

d: understanding

memory

When trying to recall an event, which of the following processes best describes how that takes place?

a: We passively recall information that is stored in long-term memory.

b: We actively reconstruct our memories using cues and information available to us.

c: We "rewind the tape" to review the details of what we originally stored in memory.

d: We inevitably fall prey to biases, errors, and shortcomings when trying to recall even the simplest information.

We actively reconstruct our memories using cues and information available to us.

reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, which results in faster learning but faster extinction.

continuous reinforcement

the sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired

renewal effect

Which of the following lists places the types of memory in order from the memory that is shortest to the memory that is longest?

a: sensory memory; short-term memory; long-term memory

b: sensory memory; long-term memory; short-term memory

c: long-term memory: sensory memory; short-term memory

d: short-term memory; sensory memory; long-term memory

sensory memory; short-term memory; long-term memory

What type of graph would be used to illustrate the primacy and recency effects?

a: forgetting curve

b: histogram

c: serial position curve

d: Ebbinghaus curve

serial position curve

Isaac needs to call his teacher. His classmate shouts the number to him as he pulls his cell phone from his pocket. He repeats the number over and over until he is finally able to punch the numbers into his phone. Isaac is using __________ to make sure he gets the number correct.

a: processing level repeating

b: chunking

c: maintenance rehearsal

d: elaborative rehearsal

maintenance rehearsal

We can use mnemonics to help us __________ information we want to retain in our memories.

a: store

b: comprehend

c: retrieve

d: encode

encode

As a student studying for your next exam, it would be best for you to spread out your learning over long intervals rather than cramming. This is a good strategy that is associated with __________ as discovered by Hermann Ebbinghaus.

a: distributed versus massed practice

b: strategic short-term retention

c: temporal memorization

d: memory sensitivity over time

distributed versus massed practice

Gene uses "One is bun, two is shoe, three is flea, and four is pour." He does this to remember his shopping list of buns, shoes, flea and tick killer, and milk. This is referred to as the

a: pegword method.

b: schema method.

c: keyword method.

d: method of loci.

pegword method

Under most circumstances, which is a comparatively easier memory retrieval task to perform?

a: recall

b: recognition

c: response

d: rehearsal

recognition

Studies have shown the students perform slightly better on exams if they are tested in the same room where they learned the material. This is evidence for

a: encoding specificity.

b: state-dependent learning.

c: retrospective bias.

d: context-dependent learning.

context-dependent learning

Long-term potentiation enhances the release of which neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, resulting in enhanced learning?

a: glutamate

b: GABA

c: aspartate

d: anandamide

glutamate

In the 1920s, Karl Lashley hoped to discover the __________, the actual physical trace of a memory in the brain. He later concluded that memories are not stored this way.

a: hippocampus

b: postsynaptic receptors

c: assembly

d: engram

engram

Enrique saw his friend suffer an attack by a big, black dog. He was so frightened by the event, and he remembers the fear and the event very well. Which part of the brain is playing a critical role in his remembering this event so emotionally?

a: hippocampus

b: amygdala

c: forebrain

d: thalamus

amygdala

The primary cognitive impairments in patients with Alzheimer's disease are related to

a: long-term memory and problem solving.

b: language and memory.

c: facial recognition and mathematical calculation.

d: multiple strokes and short-term memory loss.

language and memory

The brains of people with Alzheimer's disease contain senile plaques and __________, abnormalities that contribute to both synapse loss and the death of

hippocampal and cerebral cortex cells.

a: neurofibrillary tangles

b: beta-adrenergic receptors

c: amygdala cells

d: propranolol

neurofibrillary tangles

Because younger children have not developed their meta-memory skills to the extent that older children have, younger children can be mistaken about

a: eyewitness accounts.

b: conditioning experiences.

c: reports of abuse.

d: their own memory abilities.

their own memory abilities

Patrick is asked by his friend if he can remember being a baby and coming home from the hospital after he was born. Patrick admits that he has no memory of that time. Patrick is experiencing

a: infantile amnesia.

b: juvenile amnesia.

c: retrograde amnesia.

d: anterograde amnesia.

infantile amnesia

Even before we are born, we can show signs of __________ memory through habituation.

a: explicit

b: engrammatic

c: deliberate

d: implicit

implicit

As they develop, children's memories become increasingly sophisticated. Which of the following is not a reason why this occurs?

a: Conceptual understanding increases with age.

b: Meta-memory develops over time.

c: Memory spans increase with age.

d: Memory improves when more siblings are born into the family.

Memory improves when more siblings are born into the family

What is one likely reason we cannot remember information and events from our own infancy?

a: The hippocampus takes time to develop, and is only partially developed during infancy.

b: Fetuses lack ears, and therefore cannot overhear conversations in the external world.

c: Infants operate in a post-conventional state, and only gradually achieve the formal operations necessary for memory formation.

d: Most parents "talk around" their children, rather than "talking to" their children.

The hippocampus takes time to develop, and is only partially developed during infancy

The fact that people usually correctly remember

where they were when they learned of the September 11th, 2001, attacks but are less exact about what they were doing or who told them, leads researchers to believe that __________, although not completely reliable, contain "substantial kernels of accuracy."

a: initial recollection

b: recovered memories

c: source monitoring

d: flashbulb memories

flashbulb memories

Moira believed she had removed her keys from the desk and now could not find them. In actuality, she had watched her boyfriend, Derek, take the keys from the desk. This error in memory is due to

a: eidetic imagery error.

b: memory retrieval error.

c: ego enhancing fantasy.

d: source monitoring failure.

source monitoring failure

Scientists devise __________ in order to ensure that the memories elicited in their false-memory-implantation experiments are actually false.

a: existence proofs

b: cryptomnesia proofs

c: statistical estimates

d: plausibility estimates

existence proofs

Which of the following is a compelling argument against the existence of repressed traumatic memories?

a: It is virtually impossible to implant false memories of an event in the mind of an individual, so there is nothing there for the mental system to repress

.

b: Repression has been identified as one of Freud's "lesser defenses" in his writings, and therefore carries little weight in this memory process.

c: There are usually behavioral manifestations of psychic trauma, suggesting that repression has not accomplished its goals in the memory system.

d: There is growing evidence that painful and disturbing memories are actually remembered well, and in fact, too well by the people plagued with them.

There is growing evidence that painful and disturbing memories are actually remembered well, and in fact, too well by the people plagued with them

When someone witnesses a crime in which a gun was involved, her or his description of the perpetrator's appearance can be flawed. This is often due to __________, a psychological process demonstrated in many experiments.

a: weapon focus

b: segmentation

c: forced testimony

d: sequentializing

weapon focus

The two primary reasons why short-term memories fade are __________ and __________.

a: substitution; migration

b: intrusion; obstruction

c: decay; interference

d: reversal; proaction

decay; interference

When you are asked to think about a car, you think about a sedan with four wheels that can get you from place to place. In your mind, the sedan is your __________ of a car.

a: reconstruction

b: mnemonic

c: engram

d: schema

schema

In Elizabeth Loftus's "lost in the mall" study, approximately what percentage of people distinctly remembered being lost in a shopping mall after being told that this had happened to them, even though it did not really happen?

a: 67 percent

b: 10 percent

c: 32 percent

d: 25 percent

25 percent

Dee Dee has to remember 4 items that he needs at the corner market, so he visualizes the path he will take to get there. He imagines a bar of soap hanging from a large tree, envisions a roll of paper towels next to a stoplight, "sees" a packet of gum on the newspaper rack, and imagines the fire hydrant spurting out soda. Which memory strategy is Dee Dee relying on?

a: pegword technique

b: means-end analysis

c: method of loci

d: keyword technique

method of loci

Although it is presented as the most common kind of memory loss in the popular media, with depictions of someone losing all memory of his or her past, __________ is not actually the most common kind of amnesia.

a: anterograde amnesia

b: infantile amnesia

c: retrograde amnesia

d: generalized amnesia

generalized amnesia

That frustrating feeling of knowing you know something but cannot pull it out of your brain at the moment you want it is known as the TOT phenomenon, because __________.

a: it primarily happens to very young children or "tots"

b: TOT stands for "tip-of-the-tongue"

c: it was identified by the research team of Tattinger, Osprey, and Thomas

d: TOT stands for Too Old to Think

TOT stands for "tip-of-the-tongue"

What capacity of memory is being measured by a multiple-choice exam?

a: relearning

b: recall

c: recognition

d: retrieval

recognition

A memory that is actually false but "feels real" and can be triggered by, for example, looking at a list of associated words, is called a(n) __________.

a: memory illusion

b: active reconstruction

c: paradoxical memory

d: representative heuristic

memory illusion

What is the general progression of memory loss for patients with Alzheimer's disease?

a: Short-term memory disappears within a month of diagnosis.

b: Memory loss is random, haphazard, and unpredictable.

c: Older memories are more easily corrupted, whereas recent memories remain intact.

d: Memory for recent events fades first, with distant memories usually being the last to go.

Memory for recent events fades first, with distant memories usually being the last to go

Jakob is a young child who is developing some understanding of what he can remember and what kinds of things are difficult to remember. He is beginning to understand

a: learning.

b: habituation.

c: comprehension.

d: meta-memory.

meta-memory

There are various techniques available to help people improve their ability to recall material. For example, when you remember something new by connecting it mentally to something you already know, you are using __________.

a: levels of processing

b: elaborative rehearsal

c: a mnemonic device

d: distributed study

elaborative rehearsal

George Sperling's partial report method studies from the 1960's demonstrated that when a display of 12 letters was viewed, participants retained all of the letters in __________ but not all of them could be transferred to short-term memory.

a: semantic memory

b: episodic memory

c: explicit memory

d: sensory memory

sensory memory

Zhenya remembers that St. Paul is the capital of Minnesota. Alina remembers that she lived in St. Paul when she was 12 years old. Zhenya is demonstrating __________ memory, whereas Alina is demonstrating __________ memory.

a: semantic; episodic

b: semantic; procedural

c: episodic; semantic

d: procedural; semantic

semantic; episodic

Which of the following statements is true?

a: It is nearly impossible to implant a false memory in a person unless the person is high in suggestibility.

b: It is easier to implant a false memory from the recent past than a false memory from the distant past.

c: It is easier to implant a false memory that is plausible than one that is implausible.

d: Recovering repressed memories is like rewinding a videorecording of one's life events.

It is easier to implant a false memory that is plausible than one that is implausible

Without even noticing that you are doing it, what memory technique do you use to remember larger quantities of information, even though your short-term memory capacity only holds about nine bits of information?

a: depth of processing

b: the Magic Number technique

c: elaborative rehearsal

d: chunking

chunking

During an experiment, Hans is exposed to the word "yellow" a number of times. In later trials, Hans can respond faster to the stimulus of a "banana" because of this prior training. This is called

a: priming.

b: sensitization.

c: conditioning.

d: habituation.

priming

Unintentional plagiarism has been attributed to __________, which occurs when someone says they forgot having been exposed to the plagiarized material earlier and thought they had created it themselves.

a: monitoring failure

b: cryptomnesia

c: misinformation effect

d: suggested memory

cryptomnesia

Wilt is using one of the processes of memory as he takes his exam. He reads the question and then must come up with the correct response. He is using __________ to find the information he needs to succeed.

a: pegword

b: mnemonics

c: retrieval

d: schemas

retrieval

__________ allows you to remember auditory stimuli for up to 5 or 10 seconds.

a: Iconic memory

b: Eidetic memory

c: Echoic memory

d: Recovered memory

Echoic memory

Although using __________ can sometimes lead to mistakes, they provide us with a frame of reference for interpreting new situations.

a: schemas

b: storage menus

c: disambiguation tables

d: interpretive expectations

schemas

ZAK, BOL, GID, YAF, and other nonsense syllables were used in some of the earliest studies of memory, conducted by __________.

a: Arnold Swanson

b: Martin Barre

c: Herman von Helmholtz

d: Hermann Ebbinghaus

Hermann Ebbinghaus

More than 300 convicted prisoners to date have been released because DNA evidence showed they were innocent, despite confident testimony from __________.

a: prosecutors

b: eyewitnesses

c: psychologists

d: forensic specialists

eyewitnesses

David has recalled a memory, though he is not sure where that memory came from. He is not sure if he dreamed it or if it happened. He begins using cues like how vivid the memory is and how detailed the memory is to try to determine where the memory came from. He is using __________ to determine if this memory is real.

a: initial recollection

b: cryptomnesia

c: source monitoring

d: considered recollection

source monitoring

Vivica is learning to pack her own lunch. Her mother showed her how to make a peanut butter sandwich. She recalls taking the bread from the loaf, setting the slices down, getting the peanut butter, and gently spreading just the right amount of peanut butter on the sandwich. She even remembers exactly how to cut it in four equal triangles. Vivica is using ___________ to make her sandwich.

a: semantic memory

b: explicit memory

c: mnemonic memory

d: procedural memory

procedural memory

The branch of psychology that considers how behavior changes over the lifetime is called __________ psychology.

a: behavioral

b: developmental

c: cognitive

d: educational

developmental

Dr. Svoboda is conducting research where he is looking at the development of the ability to roll over in children. He looks at children who are one month old, three months old, five months old, and seven months old and during one measure at the same time determines if they can roll over. This is a __________ study.

a: latitudinal design

b: cross-sectional design

c: longitudinal design

d: cohort design

cross-sectional design

On hot days, ice cream consumption and crime increase. Some people believe that eating ice cream causes people to commit crimes and that the sale of ice cream sales should be prohibited. These people may be believing in a(n)

a: post hoc fallacy.

b: a posteriori fallacy.

c: ad hominem fallacy.

d: ad hoc fallacy.

post hoc fallacy

Children with certain genetic predispositions often seek out and create their own environments. This observation has been dubbed __________, and illustrates the importance of considering multiple interacting influences on human development.

a: nurture without nature

b: nature over nurture

c: nature via nurture

d: nature versus nurture

nature via nurture

The activation or deactivation of particular genes is called __________ and can be influenced by environmental factors.

a: genetic heritage

b: gene-environment interaction

c: gene-environment influence

d: gene expression

gene expression

In the __________ stage of prenatal development, the zygote begins to divide and double, forming a blastocyst.

a: germinal

b: fetal

c: preliminary

d: embryonic

germinal

Thuy is an infant who seems to have many problems. She has facial malformation, her physical growth has been delayed, and she has a number of behavioral and learning disorders. The doctor suspects that her mother may have consumed __________ during her pregnancy.

a: antidepressants

b: cigarettes

c: alcohol

d: marijuana

alcohol

Self-initiated bodily movements that activate bones and muscles—such as sitting up, crawling, standing, and walking—are called

a: developmental movements.

b: physical accomplishments.

c: movement behavior.

d: motor behaviors.

motor behaviors

What type of hormone produces the growth of pubic hair in adolescent girls?

a: progesterone

b: estrogen

c: melatonin

d: androgen

androgen

Stacie is 35 and works hard as a doctor at a local hospital. Which of the following physical challenges is she most likely to experiencing at this age?

a: A loss of her sense of smell

b: Difficulty becoming pregnant

c: A failure in cognitive processing

d: Loss of muscle tone

Difficulty becoming pregnant

At which of Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development does a child develop the ability to perform hypothetical and abstract reasoning?

a: preoperational

b: sensorimotor

c: concrete operations

d: formal operations

formal operations

Lev Vygotsky identified the __________ when children are receptive to learning something new but have not yet succeeded at it.

a: preoperational stage

b: conservation tasks

c: egocentric reasoning stage

d: zone of proximal development

zone of proximal development

On simple tasks regarding impulse control, teens __________ compared to adults.

a: have more difficulty and use more brain processing power

b: respond impressively

c: participate in fewer research studies

d: have a much easier time and get better results

have more difficulty and use more brain processing power

Gaetha is using two words to indicate an entire sentence. She says, "tie shoe" when she is really asking if her mother would tie her shoe. This stage is indicative of a child who is approximately __________ year(s) old.

a: 2

b: 3

c: 4

d: 1

2

Harry Harlow conducted research with monkeys in the 1950s and discovered that baby monkeys preferred an inanimate "surrogate mother" covered in terry cloth to a wire-mesh "mother" that provided milk. Harlow called this phenomenon

a: contact comfort.

b: strange situation.

c: texture consolation.

d: textile preference.

contact comfort

Seo takes her daughter to lunch with friends. Jung is only eight months old and has not met any of Seo's friends. When they arrive at the restaurant, Seo quickly passes Jung into the arms of one of her friends. Jung immediately starts screaming and reaching for her mother. Jung is demonstrating

a: temperamentalism.

b: novelty avoidance.

c: stranger danger.

d: stranger anxiety.

stranger anxiety

Lawrence Kohlberg argued that people operating at a preconventional stage of moral development obey rules because

a: they have an innate understanding of morality.

b: they understand the larger moral principles behind the rules.

c: they know it is the right thing to do.

d: they fear being punished.

they fear being punished.

Lesedi has five children and the last one has just left for college. Lesedi finds herself struggling to get out of bed, feeling sad much of the time, and struggling to find meaning in her life. Lesedi is likely experiencing

a: moral dilemmas.

b: midlife crises.

c: empty-nest syndrome.

d: memento mori.

empty-nest syndrome

Chronological age is not necessarily the best way of measuring the impact the changes of aging will have on a person's life. Which of the following refers to whether people behave in a way that is age-appropriate?

a: social age

b: biological age

c: functional age

d: psychological age

social age

Which of the following situations is an example of a bidirectional influence in developmental psychology?

a: Children seek out stimulating activities in their home and school environments.

b: Parents influence their children's behavior, but the children's behavior also influences their parents' reactions.

c: Genes cause certain traits to be manifested.

d: A child's environment contributes to her or his intellectual development.

Parents influence their children's behavior, but the children's behavior also influences their parents' reactions.

Elke's parents provide her with support in participating in extracurricular activities and allow her to have a flexible curfew on the weekends. However, for her to participate in these activities and to have the flexible curfew, she must have all of her homework complete, her grades must be As and Bs, and she must be contributing to keeping the house clean. Elke's parents appear to have adopted an __________ style of parenting.

a: permissive

b: uninvolved

c: authoritative

d: authoritarian

authoritative

A few studies have demonstrated a correlation between low production of the enzyme monoamine oxidase and heightened risk for criminally violent behavior in cases when (and only when) the person also has a history of mistreatment. This is an example of

a: nature against nurture.

b: gene expression.

c: genetic destiny.

d: gene-environment interaction.

gene-environment interaction

Which of the following examples of "popular psychology wisdom" turns out to actually be true?

a: Playing Mozart for a baby will greatly increase her or his IQ.

b: When adults reach midlife, they go through a period of trying to capture their lost youth.

c: Children grow in spurts rather than at a constant, steady rate.

d: The teenage years are full of turmoil, marked by mood swings and acting out.

Children grow in spurts rather than at a constant, steady rate.

Which of the following sequences summarizes the correct order of prenatal development?

a: embryo - zygote - blastocyst - fetus

b: zygote - embryo - blastocyst - fetus

c: zygote - blastocyst - embryo - fetus

d: blastocyst - embryo - zygote - fetus

zygote - blastocyst - embryo - fetus

When Kaya's mother hides the ball out of sight, Kaya now looks for it until she can find it. According to Jean Piaget, how old is Kaya?

a: Between 4 and 6 months of age

b: Between 1 and 3 months of age

c: Between 8 and 12 months of age

d: Between 18 and 24 months of age

Between 8 and 12 months of age

Marsaili is an older woman who has experienced a reduction in estrogen, which is associated with experiencing "hot flashes" and dry mouth. Marsaili has entered a major milestone of physical aging called

a: andropause.

b: genetopause.

c: menarche.

d: menopause.

menopause

Heino is an infant who explores a room independently without needing to check in with his caregiver. He doesn't mind a stranger entering the room or having his caregiver leave the room. He also shows little reaction when his caregiver returns to the room. Heino is displaying a(n) __________ attachment.

a: insecure-anxious

b: disorganized

c: insecure-avoidant

d: secure

insecure-avoidant

The major milestones of motor development in children include (in this order) sitting up, crawling, __________, and walking.

a: standing unsupported

b: running

c: rolling over

d: two-footed jumping

standing unsupported

What part of the brain does not mature until late adolescence or early adulthood and is responsible for planning, decision making, and impulse control?

a: cerebellum

b: parietal lobe

c: frontal lobes

d: Broca's area

frontal lobes

A "soft" approach to parenting is described as __________, whereas a "hard" approach to parenting is described as __________.

a: community-centered; achievement-centered

b: parent-centered; child-centered

c: achievement-centered; community-centered

d: child-centered; parent-centered

child-centered; parent-centered

Dr. Kazme is conducting a longitudinal research study measuring stress levels in people over the lifespan. As the study continues, some people die, and others choose to no longer participate in the study. This loss of participation is known as

a: depreciation.

b: attribution.

c: attrition.

d: longevity.

attrition

The Strange Situation refers to

a: the first weeks of a newborn's life in a cultural context.

b: an experimental procedure for investigating attachment.

c: conflicting sources of contact comfort.

d: an emo rock group.

an experimental procedure for investigating attachment

Signs of sexual maturity in girls are the onset of menstruation and the development of __________. Signs of sexual maturity in boys are the growth of body hair and an increase in __________.

a: pubic hair; estrogens

b: spermarche; testosterone

c: sexual attitudes; opposite-sex play

d: breasts; muscle strength

breasts; muscle strength

A crucial ingredient of social development is self-control, or the ability to

a: inhibit impulses.

b: delay development.

c: frustrate ambitions.

d: gratify desires.

inhibit impulses

Having the ability to reason about what other people know or believe, we are said to have a capacity called

a: general cognitive account.

b: theory of mind.

c: intuitive physics.

d: object permanence.

theory of mind

Pietre is learning to speak and has now mastered the word "doggy." He makes the mistake of calling every animal with four legs a "doggy". This is an error called

a: discrete generalization.

b: overgeneralization.

c: conservative generalization.

d: undergeneralization.

overgeneralization

Jerry sees a bicycle sitting unattended in an alleyway. His first impulse is to take it; he would have a new bike, and that would be pretty cool. However, he reasons to himself that taking the bicycle is against the law, and laws are laws; they are there for a reason. According to Larry Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning, what stage of morality has Jerry achieved?

a: contractual

b: conventional

c: preconventional

d: postconventional

conventional

The majority of parenting research indicates that as long as parents provide __________, in which they meet their children's basic needs for affection and appropriate discipline, most kids will turn out just fine.

a: a collectivist environment

b: an individualistic environment

c: the best possible environment

d: an average expectable environment

an average expectable environment

An environmental factor—such as alcohol, cigarettes, and certain drugs—that has a negative effect on the development of a baby in utero is called a

a: teratogen.

b: genetic disorder.

c: brysosome.

d: blastocyst.

teratogen

Beyond chronological age, we can consider a person's mental attitude and agility and their ability to deal with the stresses in their environment. This is known as their __________ age.

a: functional

b: psychological

c: social

d: biological

psychological

What does the popular (but scientifically mythical) term "midlife crisis" refer to?

a: A period of emotional distress regarding the aging process and an attempt to regain one's youth.

b: A time of "re-nesting" and "feathering" that many parents go through in their 50s.

c: A developmental stage characterized by exploration of alternatives and heightened social achievement.

d: A reflective period of evaluation as people enter their 70s.

A period of emotional distress regarding the aging process and an attempt to regain one's youth.

Jean Piaget referred to the process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures by the term

a: accommodation.

b: object permanence.

c: assimilation.

d: sensorimotor development.

assimilation

Lev Vygotsky developed a comprehensive theory of cognitive development that included __________, the notion that parents provide structure to help their children learn, then gradually remove structure when the children can

manage the task on their own.

a: zone of proximal development

b: modular construction of learning

c: structuralism

d: scaffolding

scaffolding

Chronological age is one way to measure how aging will affect us, especially as we grow older. Which of the following is another way of conceptualizing age?

a: cohort age

b: intellectual age

c: expectational age

d: functional age

functional age

Ivan Pavlov discovered __________ while conducting research on digestion in dogs.

a: habituation

b: sensitization

c: systematic desensitization

d: classical conditioning

classical conditioning

Leif is tickling his daughter Inga. As he continues to tickle her, she responds less and less to the tickles. This is known as

a: higher-order conditioning.

b: habituation.

c: operant conditioning.

d: sensitization.

habituation

During the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, when the pairing of the CS and the UCS are closer in time, learning occurs __________.

a: less reliably

b: more reliably

c: more slowly

d: more quickly

more quickly

Geraldo's teacher, Mario, realizes that his students have been conditioned to know that when the school bell rings, they are to sit down and be quiet so that class can start. Mario receives an email that tells him the school bell is out of order and will not be ringing at all today. Mario grabs an alarm clock out of his desk and at the right time makes it ring. His students all sit down with their hands clasped on their desks and await instructions from Mario on what to do next. The students responding to the alarm clock as though it was the school bell is known as

a: stimulus discrimination.

b: stimulus generalization.

c: acquisition.

d: spontaneous recovery.

stimulus generalization

Who was the subject of the ethically questionable study of classical conditioning in which an infant was conditioned to fear white, furry objects?

a: Baby Huey

b: Baby Jane

c: Little Albert

d: Little Walter

Little Albert