hearing, other senses, object recognition

The ___ canal channels sound waves from the external environment to the eardrum.

External auditory canal

The ___ membrane vibrates in response to sound waves.

tympanic membrane

The three smallest bones in the body, found in the middle ear, are called the ___.

ossicles

The ___ (hammer) transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the incus.

malleus

The ___ (anvil) transmits vibrations from the malleus to the stapes.

incus

The ___ (stirrup) transmits vibrations to the cochlea at the oval window.

stapes

The inner ear consists of the cochlea, vestibule, and ___.

semicircular canals

The membranous labyrinth is filled with a potassium-rich fluid called ___.

endolymph

The bony labyrinth is filled with a fluid called ___ that transmits vibrations and cushions the inner ear.

perilymph

The ___ is a spiral-shaped structure containing the organ of Corti, the hearing apparatus.

cochlea

The ___ membrane is the structural base that vibrates within the cochlea and helps detect pitch.

basilar membrane

The ___ membrane lies above the organ of Corti and is involved in amplifying sound.

tectorial membrane

The ___ nerve carries auditory information to the central nervous system.

auditory nerve

The auditory pathway projects to the ___ geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus.

medial geniculate nucleus

The superior ___ helps localize sound by comparing inputs from both ears.

olive

The ___ colliculus is involved in the startle reflex and directing eyes toward sound.

inferior colliculus

The ___ sense is the ability to detect where one’s body is in space.

Vestibular sense

The semicircular canals detect ___ acceleration (head turning/rotation).

rotational

The utricle and saccule detect ___ acceleration (straight-line changes in position).

linear

The utricle and saccule contain modified hair cells covered with ___.

otoliths

The ___ sense, also called proprioception, is the ability to tell where one’s body is in space.

kinesthetic sense

___ refers to the sense of smell.

Olfaction

Smell is detected by ___ chemoreceptors in the olfactory epithelium.

olfactory chemoreceptors

The olfactory nerves carry information to the olfactory ___.

olfactory bulb

The olfactory tract projects directly to the ___ system, which is linked to emotion and memory.

limbic system

Taste is detected by ___, which are groups of chemoreceptors on the tongue.

taste buds

Taste buds are found in small bumps on the tongue called ___.

papillae

The ___ theory of pain suggests pain is modulated by other sensory input (such as pressure).

Gate theory of pain

___ refers to the ability to sense the position and movement of one’s body.

proprioception

___ perception is the ability to judge distance and perceive the world in three dimensions.

Depth perception

___ constancy is the ability to recognize an object’s shape as constant, even when orientation changes.

Form constancy

The law of ___ states that objects close together are grouped as a unit.

Proximity

The law of ___ states that elements following the same pathway are grouped together.

Good continuation

The law of ___ states that objects similar in shape, size, or color are grouped together.

Similarity

The law of ___ states that enclosed spaces are perceived as complete figures.

Closure

The law of ___ states that perceptual organization tends toward simplicity, regularity, and symmetry.

Prägnanz